Monitoring Systems to manage Water Quality of River Ganga

Monitoring Systems to manage Water Quality of River Ganga By Mrinal Kanti Biswas Scientist D Central Pollution Control Board Delhi biswasmrinal@gmail.com

Content Layout Why Ganga an introduction Criteria for water quality Monitoring Assessment Criteria Water Quality Status of River Ganga Through Manual Monitoring Sources of Pollution, Domestic & Industrial Concern Status of Ganga segment wise Monitoring of river water quality Manual & Real time Details of Real time water Quality Monitoring existing and ongoing Online continuous effluent monitoring system By Industries, STP & CETP Conclusion - Way Forward

WHY GANGA? The national river of India of 2525 km length Serves as a lifeline for around 400 million people Believed to have medicinal and non-putrefying properties due to the presence of bacteriophages Believed to have a special element promoting its purification capacity Has faster rates of re-aeration as compared to other rivers Also has superior capacity to assimilate organic matter 3

Primary Water Quality Criteria Designated-Best-Use Class of water Criteria Drinking Water Source without conventional treatment but after disinfection Outdoor (Organised) bathing Drinking water source after conventional treatment and disinfection Propagation of Wild life and Fisheries Irrigation, Industrial Cooling, 4 Controlled Waste disposal A 1. Total Coliforms Organism MPN/100ml shall be 50 or less 2. ph between 6.5 and 8.5 3. Dissolved Oxygen 6mg/l or more 4. Biochemical Oxygen Demand 5 days 20 o C 2mg/l or less B 1. Total Coliforms Organism MPN/100ml shall be 500 or less 2. ph between 6.5 and 8.5 3. Dissolved Oxygen 5mg/l or more 4. Biochemical Oxygen Demand 5 days 20oC 3mg/l or less C 1. Total Coliforms Organism MPN/100ml shall be 5000 or less 2. ph between 6 to 9 3. Dissolved Oxygen 4mg/l or more 4. Biochemical Oxygen Demand 5 days 20oC 3mg/l or less D 1. ph between 6.5 to 8.5 2. Dissolved Oxygen 4mg/l or more 3. Free Ammonia (as N) 1.2 mg/l or less E 1. ph between 6.0 to 8.5 2. Electrical Conductivity at 25oC micro mhos/cm Max.2250 3. Sodium absorption Ratio Max. 26 4. Boron Max. 2mg/l

Water Quality Criteria for Bathing CRITERIA i. Faecal Coliform (MPN/100ml): 500 (desirable) 2500 (Maximum Permissible) RATIONALE i. To ensure low sewage contamination. Faecal coliform and faecal streptococci are considered as they reflect the bacterial pathogenicity. ii. Faecal Streptococci (MPN/100ml): 100 (desirable) 500 (Maximum Permissible) ph : Between 6.5-8.5 Dissolved Oxygen (mg/l) : 5 or more Biochemical Oxygen Demand (mg/l) 3 day, 27 o C : 3 or less 5 ii. The desirable and permissible limits are suggested to allow for fluctuation in environmental conditions such as seasonal changes, changes in flow conditions etc. The range provides protection of the skin and delicate organs like eyes, nose, ears etc. which are directly exposed during outdoor bathing. The minimum dissolved oxygen concentration of 5 mg/l ensures reasonable freedom from oxygen consuming organic pollution immediately U/s which is necessary for preventing production of anaerobic gases (obnoxious gases) from sediments The Biochemical Oxygen Demand of 3 mg/l or less of the water ensures reasonable freedom from oxygen demanding pollutants and prevent production of obnoxious gases.

Water Quality Status of River Ganga At most of the locations BOD is not conforming the bathing water quality criteria All locations not conforming to coliform (TC & FC) counts DO (> 5mg/l) and ph (6.5-8.5) are meeting the criteria at all the locations except few State Stretch identified Length of stretch (km) Bod range/ max value (mg/l) Uttarakhand Haridwar to Sultanpur 10 4.2-5.8 Uttar Pradesh Kannauj to Varanasi 450 3.8-16.9 Bihar Buxar to Bhagalpur 40 7.8-27 West Bengal Tribeni to Diamond Harbour 50 3.1-5.8

Sources of Pollution Partially treated discharge of industrial effluent Untreated waste water from cities/towns. Agricultural runoff carrying fertilizers and pesticides Open defecation on the river bank. Unscientific disposal of municipal solid waste Pious refusal at Pujasthal and bathing ghats Disposal of dead bodies Parameters Quantity (MLD) Quality (BOD, mg/l) Domestic Sewage Industrial Effluents 6100 >500 150 40 600 Heavy Metals Not traceable Very High Treatability Source of raw water Organic Load (TPD) Very High Surface Water (80%) Moderate to difficult Ground Water (80%) 426 131

Sources of Pollution 144 drains Domestic 6100 MLD waste water (92.5%) Ganga 295 TPD of organic load (70%) 764 Industries (GPI) Industrial 501 MLD Effluent discharge (7.5%) 131 TPD of organic load (30%) 8 23 out of the 144 drains carry sewage & effluent whereas the rest carry domestic waste

Concern about Domestic Effluent Discharge State STP Status Monitored STPs No. of STPs Sewage generatio n (MLD) Installed Capacity (MLD) No. of STPs Installed Capacity (MLD) Utilized Capacity (MLD) STPs Exceeding BOD Limits STPs Exceeding COD Limits No. of STPs not in operation Uttarakhand 7 72 83 6 79 70 2 0 0 Uttar Pradesh 15 1184 464 14 461 376 5 2 1 Bihar 6 667 153 4 109 22 0 0 1 West Bengal 37 3051 521 23 336 74 0 0 8 Total 65 4974* 1220 (25%) 47 985 541 (54%) 7 2 10

Concern about Industrial Pollution Sl. No. 1. Pulp & Paper 2. Distillery Sectors No. of units Effluent generation (MLD) Average BOD discharged (mg/l) Organic Pollution Load (TPD) 67 201 380 76.51 35 37 600 22.21 3. Sugar 67 96 130 12.48 4. Textiles 63 11 40 0.46 5. Tanneries 442 22 290 6.40 10 674 Out of total of 764 (88%) 367 Out of total of 501 (73%) 118.07 Out of total of 131.73 (90%)

Distillery 1 Pulp & Paper 3 Sugar 3 Distillery 5 Pulp & Paper 1 Sugar 6 Chemical 9 Distillery 1 Food &dairy 8 Other 23 Pulp &Paper 2 Sugar 2 Tannery 404 Textile 55 Segment - I 1. Sewage Drains : 14 a. Flow : 444.2 MLD b. BOD : 42.8 TPD 2. No. of GPI : 7 a. Effluents : 5 MLD b. BOD : 1.42 TPD 3. Water Quality a. DO (mg/l) : 5.0-10.0 b. BOD (mg/l) :.0.0-7.0 (<2.0 at most of the locations U/s Rishikesh) c. F.C. (MPN/100 ml) :4-160000 Segment - II 1. Sewage Drains : 12 a. Flow : 270.4 MLD b. BOD: : 23.11 TPD 2. No. of GPI : 12 a. Effluents : 13 MLD b. BOD : 3.93 TPD 3. Water Quality a. DO (mg/l) :>6.0 b. BOD (mg/l) : 2.0-6.0 c. F.C. (MPN/100 ml) :<2500 Segment III B 1. Sewage Drains : 14 a. Flow : 1780.37 MLD b. BOD: : 69.33 TPD 2. No. of GPI : 504 a. Effluents : 39 MLD b. BOD : 6.79 TPD 3. Water Quality a. DO (mg/l) :>6.0 b. BOD (mg/l) :3.0-6.0 c. F.C. (MPN/100 ml) :high Chemical 1, Distillery 5 Food & dairy 3, Other 4 Pulp & Paper 4, Sugar 6 Tannery 40, Textile, 2 Segment - II Segment III C Origin Haridwar Segment - I Narora Segment III B 1. Sewage Drains : 7 a. Flow : 559.4MLD b. BOD: : 19.08 TPD 2. No. of GPI : 61 a. Effluents : 26 MLD b. BOD : 5.3 TPD 3. Water Quality a. DO (mg/l) :>6.0 b. BOD (mg/l) :3.0-9.0 c. F.C. (MPN/100 ml) :high Segment III A Kanpur Segment III C Segment III A 1. Sewage Drains : 18 a. Flow : 1201.07 MLD b. BOD: :76.51TPD 2. No. of GPI : 145 a. Effluents : 314 MLD b. BOD : 96.94 TPD 3. Water Quality a. DO (mg/l) :>6.0 b. BOD (mg/l) :2.0-9.0 c. F.C. (MPN/100 ml):high at Kanpur Allahabad Varanasi Chemical 1 Distillery 1 Food & dairy 2 Other 3 Pulp & Paper 1 Tannery 2 Textile 3 Segment IV B 1. Sewage Drains : 54 a. Flow :1780 MLD b. BOD :95.04 TPD 2. No. of GPI :22 a. Effluents :87 MLD b. BOD :15.6 TPD 3. Water Quality a. DO (mg/l) : >6.0 b. BOD (mg/l) : 2.0-6.0 c. F.C. (MPN/100 ml) :high 3000-65x10 4 Segment IV A Chemical 10 Distillery 20 Food & dairy 4 Other 8 Pulp & Paper 53 Sugar 48 Textile 2 1. Sewage Drains : 25 a. Flow :580 MLD b. BOD :100 TPD 2. No. of GPI :13 a. Effluents :17 MLD b. BOD :2 TPD 3. Water Quality a. DO (mg/l) : >6.0 b. BOD (mg/l) : 2.0-4.0 (<3.0 at most of the locations) c. F.C. (MPN/100 ml) :<9,000 Rajmahal Segment IV B Segment IV A 12/09/2016 NGRBA CELL, CPCB 11 Diamond Harbour Polluting Sources, Load and Quantity Chemical 5 Distillery 2 Food & dairy 5 Other 3 Pulp &Paper 3 Sugar 3 Textile 1

9 Bio Mapping of River Ganga Segment - I Origin Segment III A 1 1 2 2 9 1 Average Saprobic Score - 6.03 Average Diversity Score - 0.57 Biological Water Quality Class - B Biological Water Quality - Slightly Polluted Indicator Colour - Light Blue Segment - II Average Saprobic Score - 4.49 Average Diversity Score - 0.774 Biological Water Quality Class - C Biological Water Quality - Moderate Pollution Indicator Colour - Green Haridwar Narora Average Saprobic Score - 5.01 Average Diversity Score - 0.66 Biological Water Quality Class - C Biological Water Quality - Moderate Pollution Indicator Colour - Green Kanpur Allahabad Segment IV A Average Saprobic score 5.378 Average Diversity score 0.677 Biological Water quality Class C Biological Water Quality Moderate Pollution Indicator Colour - Green Segment IV A 1 6 8 1 Segment III B Average Saprobic Score - 5.11 Average Diversity Score - 0.658 Biological Water Quality Class - C Biological Water Quality - Moderate Pollution Indicator Colour - Green Segment III C Average Saprobic Score - 4.861 Average Diversity Score - 0.564 Biological Water Quality Class - C Biological Water Quality - Moderate Pollution Indicator Colour - Green 9 1 Varanasi Segment IV B Segment IV Average Saprobic score 5.4444 Average Diversity score 0.6418 Biological Water quality Class C Biological Water Quality Moderate Pollution Indicator Colour Green 3 11 1 Rajmahal Diamond Harbour 12/09/2016 NGRBA CELL, CPCB 12

Proposed Water Quality Monitoring (WQM) system Data Purchase: - Agency does not own instruments and does not manage the network - They simply purchase qualified data Data services Data qualification Data Representativeness: Minimum flow, measurement depth Data completeness: Must be received from at least 90% of the total locations, measurements from each such location shall not be less than 90% of the measurements specified for it. Parameters weighted Be present at calibration Qualify data: Data representativeness, data completeness, parameters Data visualization and reporting

Proposed Water Quality Monitoring (WQM) system for River Ganga Real time monitoring network (113 stations) State Station Type Total Site Class I Class II Class III finalized 1 st Phase installation (In progress) Uttarakhand 3 4 1 8 7 1 Uttar Pradesh 21 17 19 57 31 21 Bihar 4 1 8 13 10 4 West Bengal 12 14 9 35 34 10 Total 40 36 37 113 82 36 Class I indicates the primary stations at selected locations of the Ganga main stem. These will be important impact and baseline stations where the maximum number of parameters will be collected. Class II indicates the secondary stations at the remaining locations, on the main stem and at important tributaries. Class III indicates stations at confluence of major nallas 14 NGRBA CELL, CPCB 12/09/2016

Sl. No. City / Town 1. Haridwar Upper Ganga Barrage 2. Kannauj Downstream Kannauj 3. Kanpur Jajmou Bridge 4. Allahabad Upstream of Allahabad 5. Varanasi Upstream of Varanasi 6. Varanasi Downstream of Varanasi Existing 10 RTWQM Stations Locations River Parameters being monitored Ganga Ganga Ganga Ganga Ganga Ganga 7. Patna Gandhi Ghat Ganga 8. Kolkata Garden reach Ganga 1. ph 2. DO 3. BOD 4. COD 5. NH 3 N 6. NO - 3 7. Cl - 8. Specific conductivity 9. Turbidity 10. True color 9. Wazirabad 10. Okhla Delhi water intake point Delhi Yamuna Yamuna

Salient feature of ongoing Network Covers 36 out of 113 proposed locations for 5 years 34 fixed locations and 2 cross-sections 36 stations be commissioned within 8 months from the date of signing of contract Minimum 5 stations in 6 months from the date of signing of contract Min 9 to Max 17 Water Quality Parameters to be Monitored at fixed stations and 8 parameters in crosssections Ranges, Accuracy & Resolution defined for each parameters 16 Sl. No. Parameter Abbreviation / Symbol 1. Ammonia NH3 2. Biochemical Oxygen BOD Demand 3. Benzene, Toluene, and BTX Xylenes 4. Chloride Cl- 5. Chemical Oxygen Demand COD 6. Color Color 7. Dissolved Oxygen DO 8. Electro Conductivity EC 9. Fluoride F- 10. Nitrate NO3-11. ph ph 12. Potassium K+ 13. Temperature T 14. Total Organic TOC Compounds 15. Total Suspended Solids TSS 16. Turbidity Turbidity 17. Water level Water Level

Sl. No. Parameters to be monitored Parameter Abbreviation / Symbol 1. Ammonia NH3 2. Biochemical Oxygen Demand BOD 3. Benzene, Toluene, and BTX Xylenes 4. Chloride Cl- 5. Chemical Oxygen Demand COD 6. Color Color 7. Dissolved Oxygen DO 8. Electro Conductivity EC 9. Fluoride F- 10. Nitrate NO3-11. ph ph 12. Potassium K+ 13. Temperature T 14. Total Organic TOC Compounds 15. Total Suspended TSS Solids 17 16. Turbidity NGRBA CELL, CPCB Turbidity 12/09/2016 17. Water level Water Level

Salient feature of the contract Technical Weightage assigned to Parameters (4 weightage) Compulsory Calibration : Once in 14 days Traceable Standards- comparisons relating instrument's measurements to a known standard to determine an instrument's bias and precision. Data Validation, Data Accuracy by Data Qualification Consultant Completeness of Data Requirement for Payment Measurements must be received from at least 90% of the total locations (namely 31 locations); and The measurements received from each such location shall not be less than 90% 18of the measurements specified for it.

Salient feature of Contract Technical Contd.. Mandatory Measurement Conditions Minimum Flow Measurement Depth Data Collection, Delivery & Storage Hourly data from Fixed stations and 24-hourly data from Cross section stations delivered within 5 min to CPCB Data Center & stored in Server s of CPCB as well as Service Provider s 19

Salient feature of Bid documents- Financial Hourly rate of payment for each parameters determined from Annual price Cross-section measurement will be carried out from 10am to 2pm in every 2 sec and will be considered equivalent of 24 hours data Payment be made only for validated data on monthly basis 20

Online Continuous Effluent Monitoring system (OCEMS) Out of 764 identified Industries operating the main stem of Ganga 565 units have already installed the OCEMS and about 210 units are now connected with CPCB/SPCBs. S.No. Category Total Industry Installed Connected 1 Sugar 67 56 50 2 Pulp & Paper 67 58 57 3 Distillery* 35 27 15 4 Fertiliser 5 5 4 5 Oil Refinery 2 2 2 6 Pharmaceutical 3 1 1 7 Petro-Chemical 3 3 3 8 Pesticide 3 1 1 9 Cement 3 1 0 10 Thermal Power Plant 4 2 1 11 Tannery 442 374 49 12 Food & Beverages 21 12 9 13 Slaughter house 12 5 4 14 Textile 63 6 5 15 Chemicals (Org+inorg) 12 10 8 16 Locomotive, automobile, Paint, Electroplating, Galvanizing, waste recyclers & Engineering 22 2 1 TOTAL 764 565 210

CPCB Believes in. What Gets Measure Gets Managed

Thank you

Sl. No. Parameters to be monitored Parameter Abbreviation / Symbol Range Accuracy (the greater of) Resolution 1. Ammonia NH3 0.0 to 100 mg/l ± 10% 0.1 mg/l 2. Biochemical Oxygen BOD 0.0 to 50 mg/l (river Ganga) ± 10% 1 mg/l Demand 0.0 to 500mg/l (drain or tributaries) 3. Benzene, Toluene, and BTX 0-100 mg/l ± 10% 1 mg /L* Xylenes 4. Chloride Cl- 0.0 to 100 mg/l ± 10% 0.1 mg/l 5. Chemical Oxygen COD 0.0 to 500 mg/l (in river Ganga ±10% 1 mg/l Demand 0.0 to 1500mg/L (drain or tributaries) 6. Color Color 0 500 Hazen ± 10% 10 hazen 7. Dissolved Oxygen DO 0 to 20 mg/l ± 10% 0.01 mg/l 8. Electro Conductivity EC 0.0 to 5000 μs/cm ± 10% 0.01 μs/cm 9. Fluoride F- 0 2 mg/l ± 10% 0,05 mg/l 10. Nitrate NO3-1 to 50 mg/l ± 10% 0.1 mg/l 11. ph ph 0.0 to 14 units of ph ± 0.2 0.01 units of ph 12. Potassium K+ 0-1000 mg/l ± 10% 0,1 mg/l* 13. Temperature T -5 to 50º C ±.5 C 0.1º C 14. Total Organic Compounds TOC 0-500 mg/l ± 10% 1 mg/l 15. Total Suspended Solids TSS 0-500 mg/l* (0-1000 mg/ L) ± 10% 0.1 mg/l 16. Turbidity Turbidity 0 to 2000 NTU ± 10% 0.1 NTU 24 NGRBA CELL, CPCB 12/09/2016 17. Water level Water Level 0 to 5 m ±.005 m 0.001 m

Parameters & Weightage assigned Sl. No. Parameters of water quality Category of parameters Relative weightage of each category 1 BOD A 10 2 DO A 10 3 EC A 10 4 ph A 10 5 Temperature A 10 6 Ammonia B 5 7 Chloride B 5 8 COD B 5 9 TSS B 5 10 Turbidity B 5 11 Color C 3 12 Fluoride C 3 13 Nitrate C 3 14 Potassium C 3 15 BTX D 2 16 25 TOC D 2 17 Water level D 2