Name Date Biology Ch 4 NTWS SECTION 1 The Role of Climate What is Climate? is the day-to-day condition of Earth s atmosphere at a particular time and place. is the year-after-year conditions of temperature and precipitation in a particular region. Climate is caused by the interplay of such as the trapping of by the, the, the transport of heat by and, and the amount of that results. Energy from incoming drives Earth s weather and helps determine climate. Greenhouse Effect Temperature on Earth remains in a range suitable for life because it has a natural insulating blanket - the. Carbon dioxide, methane, water vapor, and a few other atmospheric gases trap heat energy and maintain Earth s. The natural situation in which heat is retained by this layer of greenhouse gases is called the. The Effects of Latitude on Climate Because Earth s is on a, the rays of light from the sun hit Earth at different. As a result of differences in and thus the, Earth has three main climate zones,,, and. The are extremely cold and are located around the North and South Pole, 66.5 and 90. The is in the middle of the Earth, 23.5-66.5. As a result, it has 4 seasons. The is located near the equator, 0-23.5. It receives almost direct sunlight. As a result, it is usually always warm.
Heat Transport in the Biosphere The of Earth s surface drives winds and ocean currents, which transports heat throughout the biosphere. Winds form because air and air. The same thing happens with. The cold water near the poles and runs parallel to the ocean s bottom, eventually rising near the equator through a process called. The surface water is moved by the. The Greenhouse Effect SECTION 2 4 2 What Shapes an Ecosystem? Biotic and Abiotic Factors factors - Biological influences on organisms within an ecosystem. Any living thing; trees, grass, birds, deer, etc. factors - Physical, or nonliving, factors that shape ecosystems. Nonliving things, rocks, water, air, wind, climate, etc. Together, biotic and abiotic factors determine the survival and growth of an organism and the productivity of the ecosystem in which the organism lives. The area where an organism lives is called its. The Niche A is the full range of physical and biological conditions in which an organism lives and the way in which the organism uses those conditions. In other words, a niche is an organism s in the ecosystem. A niche can include its in a food web, needed for survival, of food it eats, how it gets its, and how and when it.
Community Interactions Community interactions, such as,, and various forms of, can powerfully affect an ecosystem. Competition occurs when organisms of the same or different species attempt to use an ecological resource in the same place at the same time. A resource is any necessity of, such as,,. Direct in nature leads to a winner and a loser, who may not survive. states that no two species can occupy the same niche in the same habitat at the same time. Predation A is an organism that captures and feeds on another organism. The organism that is eaten is called the. Symbiosis Any relationship in which two species live. There are three types of : Both organisms benefit from the relationship. One member of the association benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed. One organism lives on or inside another organism and harms it. The organism that is harmed is called the host. A parasite weakens but does not kill the host and is usually smaller. Ecosystems are constantly changing in response to natural and human disturbances. As an changes, older inhabitants gradually die out and new organisms move in, causing further changes in the community.
The series of predictable changes that occur in a community over time is called. These changes can be slow or sudden. Occurs on surfaces where no soil exists. Example: After a or bear rock caused by a. The first species to occupy the area are called. The pioneer species of a volcanic eruption would be lichens (Fungus and alga). Ecosystems can be changed by or. When the disturbance is over, community interactions tend to restore the ecosystem to its original condition. This process is called SECTION 3 4 3 Biomes Tropical Facts - Largest number of different species than all other biomes combined; Canopy; Understory. Factors - Hot and wet; thin, nutrient- soil. - Broad-leafy evergreens; ferns; large, woody vines; orchids. - Sloths; Jaguars; Monkeys; Toucans; Anacondas. - South and Central South America; Southeast Asia; Parts of Africa; Southern India; Northeast Australia Tropical Facts - Found where rainfall is ; Trees drop leaves during dry season; trees. Abiotic Factors - year-round; and seasons; Rich soil. Dominant Plants - Deciduous Trees; orchids; Bromeliads; Aloes and other succulents. Dominant Wildlife - Tigers; Monkeys; Elephants; Rhinoceroses; Termites; Monitor Lizards. Geographic Distribution - Africa; South and Central America; Mexico; India; Australia; Tropical Islands. Temperate Facts - Grasses, rich soil, Converted into farms. Abiotic Factors -, Cold winters, moderate precipitation, fertile soil. Dominant Plants - Perennial grasses and herbs; resistant to drought,, and cold. Dominant Wildlife - Coyotes; Mule deer; Rabbits; Prairie dogs; Hawks; Owls; snakes.
Geographic Distribution - Central Asia; North America; Australia; Central Europe. Desert Facts - < 25 cm of ; Undergo extreme temperature changes; Organisms tolerate extreme conditions. Abiotic Factors - Low H 2 O; Variable temps; soils rich in minerals but low in organic matter. Dominant Plants - ; Creosote bush and other plants with short growth cycles. Dominant Wildlife - ; Gray foxes; Bobcats; Mule deer; Antelopes; Kangaroos. Geographic Distribution - Africa, Asia, Middle East, US, Mexico, South America. Temperate and Facts - climate; Chaparral; Low plants that contain flammable oils make a constant threat. Abiotic Factors - hot, dry summers; cool, moist winters; thin, nutrient-poor soils. Dominant Plants - Woody shrubs; fragrant, oily herbs. Dominant Wildlife -, Foxes, mountain lions, Blacktailed deer, rabbits, squirrels. Geographic Distribution - Western coasts of North and South America; Around Mediterranean Sea, South Africa, and Australia. Temperate Facts - Mixture of and trees; cold winters; soil rich in humus. Abiotic Factors - cold winters, warm summers, year round H 2 O, soils. Dominant Plants - Deciduous trees, some,, and ferns. Dominant Wildlife - deer; black bears; bobcats; squirrels; raccoons; skunks, turkeys. Geographic Distribution - Eastern US, SE Canada, Europe, parts of Japan, China, and Australia. Forest Facts - Mild moist air form PO provides abundant rainfall; Mix of Conifers;. Abiotic Factors - Mild temperatures; abundant precipitation; cool, dry summers; rocky, acidic soil. Dominant Plants -, Sitka spruce, western hemlock, redwood. Dominant Wildlife - Bears; elk; deer; beavers; owls; bobcats. Geographic Distribution - Pacific coast on NW US and Canada.
Facts - AKA the ; bitterly cold winters; mild summers; Means. Abiotic Factors - long, cold winters; short, mild summers; moderate precipitation; acidic, nutrient-poor soil. Dominant Plants - Coniferous trees; some deciduous trees; small, - shrubs. Dominant Wildlife - Lynxes, timber wolves, moose, beavers, migratory birds. Geographic Distribution - North America, Asia, Northern Europe. Facts - Characterized by the ; short cool summers that thaw only a few cm deep; plants are small and stunted. Humus-poor soil. Abiotic Factors - Strong winds; low precipitation; short summers; long, cold and dark winters; permafrost. Dominant Plants -,, sedges, and short grasses. Dominant Wildlife - Migratory waterfowl, musk ox, arctic foxes, caribou. Geographic Distribution - Northern North America, Asia, and Europe. Other Land Areas : Biotic and Abiotic conditions change with elevation. As elevation increases, the temperature gets colder and precipitation increases. : They are cold year round. In the north, dominant plants include mosses and lichens. Animals include polar bears, seals, insects, and mites. In the south, Antarctica is covered by a layer of ice 5 km thick. Wildlife includes and mammals.
SECTION 4 4 4 Aquatic Ecosystems Freshwater Ecosystems -water Ecosystems, Streams,, and Brooks Organisms are well adapted for the conditions (hooks, suckers, and stream-lined bodies) -water Ecosystems Lakes and Ponds Habitat for Phytoplankton and Zooplankton Fresh-Water Can be flowing, standing, fresh water, salt water or brackish. - Formed in depressions. Dominated by sphagnum moss. - found along rivers. Contain cattails, rushes, and grasslike plants. - Wet year round. Contain trees and shrubs. Flooded all year. Estuaries Wetlands formed where meet the. Primary producers are,, and. Support an astonishing amount of. Breeding-grounds for many types of fish and shellfish. - Estuary dominated by salt-tolerant grasses along the East Coast from Maine to Georgia. Largest system is the Bay Estuary. - Coastal wetlands in the tropical region of the US that are dominated by salt-tolerant and. Largest system is the Florida everglades. Marine Ecosystem Zone vs. Zone Four other zones: zone zone ocean Zone Zone Organisms are exposed to different environments twice a day. They are either covered with ocean water ( ) or exposed to sunlight, temperature, and the wind. Organisms include barnacles, seaweed, snails, sea urchins, and sea stars.
Extends from the low tide mark all the way to the end of the. Usually falls in the, so, photosynthesis can take place. Rich in and. Other organisms include snails, sea urchins, sea otters, fish, and whales. Reef In the warm coastal regions, coral reefs are among the most diverse and productive environments on Earth. Starts at the end of the continental shelf and continues outward. It is the largest ocean zone covering 90% of the surface area of the Earth s oceans. Depth ranges from 500 m to more than 11,000 m. Organisms include plankton, swordfish, octopus, whales, and dolphins. This zone includes the entire. Main organisms include sea stars, anemones, and marine worms. These organisms are called. These organisms feed on the dead organic material, detritus, that falls from the surface.