Shrimp Hatchery Production BACK TO BASICS
TABLE OF CONTENTS Background 3 Shrimp Hatchery Industry Overview 6 Confirmation of disease 14 MHF Strategy: Producing Healthy Post-Larvae under EMS/Vibrio sp. conditions Back to Basics strategy 17 End 40 2
BACKGROUND
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Top 5 shrimp production countries in the world Shrimp production started around 1969 with the first wild larvae stocked grow out ponds until today stocking with hatchery producerd post larvae Had its share of challenges followed being their major challenge disease. Sindrome de la giaviota, IHHN, TSV, WSSV. In 1999, the white spot disease devastated the industry, reducing it by 70%. Many hatcheries closed and the ones that remained open reduced costs to the minimum. Sacrificing high qualified technical staff. Production has increased ~100% in the last 5 years, from ~200,000 MT to ~400,000 MT This growth means there has been a large increase in Post-Larvae production in the last years Hatchery infrastructure did not increase as much, higher stocking density in maturation, as well as in larval rearing tanks. Algae culture tanks being deficient in volume. Broodstock programmes were added The hatchery industry is based approximately on 16 maturation departments that supply 129 larval rearing companies 5
SHRIMP HATCHERY INDUSTRY OVERVIEW
Hatchery Overview SIZE AND GROWTH Total post-larva production is approximately 80 billion per year (increased from 50 billion) Growth has been driven by high demand thanks to good shrimp prices Disease is the biggest concern 16-20 maturations that supply 129 larval rearing companies that are registered (some informal companies). CHARACTERISTICS Most maturation departments that supply naupli to the larval rearing are in Santa Elena. Maturation daily mortality is around 4%-6% daily. Industry standard is maximum 1% daily. Larval rearing departments are experimenting unusual mortalities, thought to be Vibrio YEAR EXPORTED POUNDS LARVAL PRODUCTION 2013 474,236,376 26,402,018,467 2014 611,048,021 37,301,044,805 2015 720,308,833 40,000,000,000 2016 799,854,741 70,000,000,000 2017 ~890,000,000 80,000,000,000 Larval numbers: estimate Exported pounds: Source: CNA Raceways are also experimenting unusual mortalities, thought to be vibrio. 7 Number of Hatcheries unchanged
Skretting Ecuador Market Survey Historical information on survival in Hatcheries Diagnostic analysis health, comprising: pathology, microbiology and PCR Meeting with the owners/managers of laboratories that participated in this study Action plan to continue with monitoring the health situation Survival 60-70% 0-40% Disinfection & water improvements increased survival Often low lipid levels were observed Many different probiotics used but no check on efficacy Lack of monitoring & data storage (water quality, microbiology etc)
Higher Demand Increased # cycles Increased stocking densities 150 >300/lt Insufficient algae production buy in (transfer & quality risk) Lack of disinfection Lack of time & quality control UpScaling more larval tanks water/algae shortages
Ecuador & Shrimp: Mitigating Factors World class farming, Processing, distribution & promotion: Investment But; Hatcheries have been largely forgotten Lack of Investment Lack of Maintenance Lack of Focus
People Expert education available & Aquaculture Universities International collaboration 11 Grow out farms Different countries Feed companies Technology supply Technician managers
Problem Summary Hatcheries are the heart of the industry Production increase increased demand Lack of investment & focus Increased failings in production Time for change in Production standards Time for change in how we measure success Switch from average % Survival Tank success rate (# tanks dumped) Prices increased opportunities for investment 12
Is the problem a disease? Symptoms Larval rearing departments loose all their larvae due to high and rapid mortality in the larval tanks Larvae appear healthy and from morning to afternoon stop eating, and die. Turning white in color Corrective action Hatcheries that have implemented biosecurity improvements are seeing improved outputs & stability Causative agent Presumably Vibrio Medium to high levels found in our survey Cure Prevention Improve biosecurity & husbandry Make sure broodstock and nauplii are free of Vibrio Optimize algal quality & quantity Reduce organic loads in the system 8
CONFIRMATION OF DISEASE?
Example: Thailand 1. Confirmation of the disease must be done 2. This can only be done by PCR analysis of EMS/AHNDS 3. Broodstock in maturation need to be analyzed 4. Faeces from broodstock in maturation 5. Nauplii produced from those maturations 6. Post-larva produced from hatcheries with same nauplii source NOTE: Samples must be targeted to sick and weak animals RESULTS FROM APHNDS DETECTION Province (Positive/Total Tested) SOURCES Songkhla Trad Rayong TOTALS (%) Broodstock feces 2/5 8/15 14/24 24/44 (55) Nauplii 1/1 0/5 3/8 4/14 (29) Polychaetes 1/2 2/3 2/3 5/7 (71) Squid 1/1 0/3 3/5 4/9 (44) Artemia 1/1-0/1 1/2 (50) Oysters 0/1-0/2 0/3 (0) Clams 1/1 1/1-2/2 (100) Aceted - - 0/2 0/2 (0) Blood worms - - 0/2 0/2 (0) HIGH BIOSECURITY RISK Source: Tim Flegel Progress in EMS/AHPND 2015 10
MHF PRODUCT STRATEGY Producing Healthy Post-Larvae under Vibrio sp. conditions Back to Basics Best Practice Strategy
Check infrastructure Check parameters Check protocols HOW TO GET HEALTHY POST-LARVA? Do you use a quarantine before broodstock introduction into maturation? Are the feeds you are using clean of disease? Do you have enough algae tanks? Do you have good quality algae? Do you have enough technical staff to larvae produced the number of post-larvae wanted? Do you disinfect your intake water? Temp 28-32 Sal 30-35 PH 7.5-8.5 DO Ammonia Nitrite Ca Mg Alkalinity T.Bact. Count Vibrio Count >5mg/l <1mg/l <0.5mg/l >400 mg/l >1,300mg/l 150-200 mg/l <10exp3 CFU/ml <10exp2 CFU/ml Algae feeding Artificial feeding Water exchange Artemia feeding Make sure that the number of cell are the correct ones for each stage. Feed algae until harvest. Make sure you are using the correct amount of high quality feed. It is no time to compromise. Make sure you are doing enough water exchange to maintain healthy optimal water parameters. Are you disinfecting your Artemia? Parameters Optimal Range 13
LARVAL REARING PROCESS ALGAE masters scale-up culture temp, sal, ph, gas sat. ammonia, DO water in 2 filtration UV Product: Quality Animal 1. >60% survival 2. High quality a. Deformity b. Size variation c. Pigmentation d. Activity level e. Parasite/disease free ROTIFERS (cold storage) scale-up culture enrichment ARTEMIA (cold storage) decaps lights air temp/ ventilation Weaning diet Recirculation system hatch enrichment water out brood egg larval rearing nursery
Biosecurity Series of management practices Prevent introduction Keep disease agents out of animal populations where they are not present Prevent further spread From infected to uninfected groups By animals, personnel, equipment To other animals, premises, responders Stephen Newman; Aquaintech
BIOSECURITY
Basic Measures 22
Modern Buildings Clean Easy to clean & disinfect Zonal barriers 23
BROODSTOCK QUARANTINE BROODSTOCK POND or SPF QUARANTINE MATURATION HEALTHY? 24 CHECK: PCR H E A L T H Y
All Pathogen Exposed
Broodstock Feeding Type, amount & frequency Use high quality maturation diets Reduce mortality and vibrio loads Local Artemia biomass 26
Water disinfection & management RESERVOIRS CHLORINATION DECHLORINATION Determine amount of OZONE/UV Make sure chlorine by using chlorine lecture is TCBS plating to Apply necessary zero. If not determine amount, neutralize with amount. calculate by Vit. C plating TCBS to determine amount. 27
UV Disinfection Lamp Temperature Water clarity Contact time 28
ALGAE CLEAN ALGAE ENOUGH ALGAE CLEAN FEEDING SYSTEM 29
Algae procedures - Upscaling First feeding and gut colonisation Quality Air/Water treatment Laminar flow/aseptic upscaling Masters/Agar slants maintenance Nutrients 30 Dr. J Rowe University of California, Irvine. Photo credit/copyright: Steven Goins
Algae Mass production: Control Quality Source: Vannamei 101 Correct cell counts Quality assessment Correct feeding to shrimp tanks 31
Artemia Vibrio bomb Source? Variation 32
Feeding Precision Feeding Correct feeding Know animal numbers Measure residuals 33
All Feeds Are Not Created Equal Brand #1 Brand #2 Brand #3 34
Feeding Trials Stage Cocktail PL Tanks (MT) replicates I Z1 -> Z3 1 PL#0 21 3 M1 -> PL2 2 PL#1 II PL2 -> PL3 3 PL#2 55 3 PL4 -> PL6 4 PL#3 PL7 -> PL8 5 PL#3 III PL9 -> PL10 6 PL#3 30 4 PL11 -> PL13 7 PL#4 PL14 -> PL17 8 PL#4 Survival (%) Stage I 70 81 ± 4 Stage II 91 ± 6 93 ± 6 Stage III 98 ± 2 100 Total 62.4 75.3 Feed intake (kg) Stage I 0.6 0.6 Stage II 10.4 ± 0.9 8.4 ± 1.5 Stage III 11.1 ± 1.9 10.7 ± 0.6 Total 22.1 19.7 35 Size (mm) Stage I Stage II 7.1 ± 0.5 6.9 ± 0.1 Stage III 11.4 ± 0.9 11.0 ± 0.6
Quality control Cocktail PL Survival (%) 62.4 75.3 Feed intake (kg) 22.1 19.7 Size (mm) 11.4 ± 0.9 11.0 ± 0.6 Haepatopancreas Brown with lipid globules Green with lipid globules Digestive tract 36 Thicker More lipid globules
Water quality Cocktail PL Survival (%) 62.4 75.3 Feed intake (kg) 22.1 19.7 Size (mm) 11.4 ± 0.9 11.0 ± 0.6 Less foam & organic load 37
38 Water quality
Robins Macintosh: GOAL 2015 The discovery that EMS grows on shrimp feed, on waste and on molts led to the realization that it could be treated, not by excluding it, but by limiting its growth by installing shrimp toilets, deep sumps in the center of the pond to collect and trap settled wastes that can be pumped away. When you do that it s like a miracle. The shrimp stop dying, McIntosh said. You have to keep the bottom clean. By comparison, McIntosh added, EHP requires clean, specially disinfected hatcheries, clean ponds and clean broodstock. This is not easy on a large scale, McIntosh said. 39
Check parameters Clean PL Check infrastructure Check protocols C + C + C = CLEAN Post Larvae
43 La acuicultura ofrece una solución cada vez más atractiva para satisfacer las necesidades de alimentos. Ya que es el sector de más rápido crecimiento en el área de la producción de alimentos de origen animal, y su potencial para una mayor expansión es muy grande. Yo no pido que cambien de dirección, sino que aceleren los avances
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