Content : 5.1 Classification of various conventional and non-conventional sources of energy. Construction and working of power plants based on conventional energy sources like a) Thermal power plant b) Gas turbine power plant c) Nuclear power plant -Pressurized water reactor. Parameters for the site selection of conventional power plants. 5.2 Power plants based on non-conventional energy sources. i) Solar ii) Biomass iii) Wind energy Concepts of Geothermal and tidal power plant 1) Conventional (or) Non renewable energy sources. The energy sources which can not be used again and again after single use it is exhausted (or) vanished. e.g. Fossil fuels like Coal, Wood, Petroleum products, gasses (Natural),Nuclear energy, Hydro energy, Thermal energy etc. 2) Non-conventional (or) Renewable energy sources. The energy sources which can be used again and again after single use it will not exhausted (or) vanish. e.g. Solar energy, Tidal energy, Wind energy, Geothermal energy, Biomass energy etc. Classification of source of Energy : Convention Non-Conventional 1 Thermal energy 1 Solar energy 2 Hydro energy 2 Wind energy 3 Diesel power plant 3 Geothermal energy 4 Gas turbine power plant. 4 Tidal energy 5 Nuclear energy 5 Biomass energy
Thermal Power Plant : 1) In above figure shows major components of thermal power plant which are namely as i) Boiler ii) Steam turbine iii) Electric generator iv) Condenser v) Combustion chamber vi) Feed pump etc. 2) Generally for run such type of power plant we can use fuel in form of solid (i.e. coal), liquid (oil) (or) gaseous for the production of steam. 3) Here steam is generated using storage energy in fuel. 4) Initially fuel is supplied into combustion chamber for combustion process. After combustion this heat is given to boiler. Due to this heat water is converted into steam. 5) Now this steam is used to run steam turbine. This steam turbine is directly connected to electrical generator which is used to produce electrical energy. 6) Now the steam coming out of turbine is allowed to pass through condenser in which it is condensed with the help of cooling water. 7) Here condensate is again pumped to boiler for the formation of steam. This type of plant works on closed cycle. Fluid is used again and again for the purpose of power generation. 8) In India Coal is used for run thermal power plant. Oil is used in U.S.A. and gas is used in Canada. Choice of fuel based on availability and economy of country.
Layout of Thermal Power Plant : Factors considered while site selection for Thermal Power Plant : 1) Availability of land, workers is very important. 2) For transportation of fuel power plant should be near to road track (or) rail facility. 3) For cooling purpose large amount of water is needed near to power plant. 4) Generally in India for run thermal power plant coal is used so power plant should be near to coal mines. 5) Ash disposal facility should be available. 6) There should be scope for future development. 7) Site should be safe and away from urban area. 8) Cost of land, infrastructure etc. should be minimum.
Gas Turbine Power Plant : (open cycle type) 1) In this type of power plant liquid (or) gaseous fuels are used for power generation. The basic components are shown in figure above. 2) Initially, atmospheric air is allowed to pass through compressor in which its pressure is increased. 3) Then this compressed air is passed through combustion chamber in which fuel is injected for combustion purpose. After combustion of fuel in combustion chamber the temperature of compressed air is increased. 4) Now high pressure and temperature gases are expanded in gas turbine which is helpful to run the gas turbine. 5) This gas turbine is directly connected to electric generator to produce electricity. 6) This type of power plant works on open cycle because here working fluid is used only once. After single use it is thrown into atmosphere. 7) Here inlet and outlet both the ends are open to atmosphere hence termed as open cycle gas turbine. Advantages of Gas Turbine Power Plant : 1) Perfect balancing of Gas Turbine Unit is possible. 2) So there is less vibration. 3) The mechanical efficiency of Gas Turbine is high. 4) Lubrication as well as ignition system are more simplified. 5) The installation cost is less.
6) Maintenance cost is less. 7) Any poor quality fuel can be used in Gas Turbine Plant. Disadvantages of Gas Turbine Power Plant : 1) It has noisy operation. 2) It gives poor performance when load on plant is high. 3) It require special material for construction of Gas Turbine is high. 4) Efficiency can not be increased beyond 30% because 70% power is used to run the compressor which is part of gas turbine system. 5) It has a shorter life. Factors of site selection of Gas Turbine Power Plant : 1) Availability of land. 2) Land should have high bearing capacity. 3) Cost of land should be less (or) reasonable. 4) There is availability of transportation facility. 5) Labour/man power for construction of plant. 6) Fuel should be easily available at reasonable rate. 7) To avoid noise and air pollution plant should be installed out of urban area. 8) Maximum amount of plantation should be required surrounding the plant. Nuclear Power Plant : In nuclear power plant reactor performs same function as that of furnace of steam power plant which nuclear fission is produced in the form of controlled chain reaction. Nuclear fission is the process of splitting of heavy nucleus into two almost equal fragments by release of heat where its kinetic energy in chain reaction gives large amount of heat due to collision between fission fragments.
The main components of nuclear power plants are; 1) Reactor Vessel : It is designed to with stand high pressure and usually made by low carbon steel. It is clad with stainless steel to reduce corrosion. This reactor vessel (or) core consist of following parts. 2) Fuel : Nuclear reactor uses fissionable material like 92U 235 - Occur in nature. Enriched uranium contains 1.5 to 2.5% uranium Natural uranium contain 0.7 % U 235 94Pu 239, 92 U 233, Th 232 Artificial/man made. Fuel rods are fabricated in various shapes like rods plates, fins. There are placed in reactor core in such away that these produce uniform heat in reactor these roads also clad with stainless steel, zincronium to prevent oxidation. Fuel rods arranged in a cluster and complete assembly called as core. Minimum quantity of fuel required to maintain chain reaction is called as critical mass. 3) Control Rods : These are used to control chain reaction by absorbing required neutrons. Material used for control rods are cadmium alloy, boron, indium, silver which should high neutron capture capacity.these are generally operated automatically.
4) Moderator : It is a substance (or) atoms of low mass number which effectively reduces the speed of neutrons by absorbing (or) scattering it such low mass no substances are called as moderator. The main function of moderator is to reduce the energy of neutrons during fission also reduce fuel quantity to maintain chain reaction. e.g. Hydrogen, Carbon, Beryllium, Light water (H 2 O), Heavy water (D 2 O) (or) Deuterium, graphite are used as moderator. 5) Reflector : In order to conserve fuel there is need to avoid escape neutron from reactor core. This is achieved by providing reflector surrounding reactor core within thermal shielding. Reflector sent back neutrons into core. e.g. Water H 2 O, D 2 O used as reflector. 6) Coolants : The purpose of coolant is to absorb large amount of heat generated in nuclear reactor and transfer this heat into heat exchanger and used for steam generation. Keep temperature of fuel below safe level. It should be non toxic, non corrosive, non oxidizing. Eg. Ordinary water, Heavy water and CO 2 7) Thermal & Concrete shield : It covers reactor vessel and protect the leakage of alpha, beta and gamma radiations which are dangerous to human life. Generally a thick con create lining outside and inner thin lining of steel are provided to prevent the radiations going to atmosphere. Both are showing good absorption capacity for radiations. (OR)
Fig. Nuclear Power Plant Construction and working: The Nuclear Power Plant is shown in the fig. It consists of nuclear reactor, Steam turbine, Generator, condenser, cooling water pump and feed pump. Steam is generated in the nuclear reactor of Nuclear Power Plant by using heat generated by nuclear reaction. The steam generated is passed through steam turbine where part of its thermal energy is converted into mechanical energy which is further used for generating electric power. The steam coming out of steam turbine is condensed in condenser and condensate is supplied back to the nuclear reactor with the help of feed pump and cycle is repeated.
Pressurized Water Reactor (P.W.R.) : 1) Pressurized water reactor (P.W.R.) in its simplest form, light water cooled and moderated reactor which is shown in above figure where enriched uranium as fuel. 2) The pressurizing tank included in the circuit maintains constant pressure. Electric heating coil in pressurize boils the water to form a steam which is collected in the dome and it pressurizes entire coolant circuit before starting reactor to reduce pressure water spray is used to condense steam. 3) The fuel which is generally used is UO 2. The uranium oxide is highly resistant to corrosion. 4) The water in the primary circuit gets heated by absorbing the fission energy in reactor core and same energy is given in the heat exchanger to generate steam. The water coming out of heat exchanger is circulated by pump to maintain pressure in circuit in range of 100 to 130 bar. 5) The water become radioactive in passing through reactor, so the entire primary circuit including steam generator (heat exchanger) must be shielded to protect human being as well as coolant does not make steam radioactive in the boiler.
Advantages of P.W.R. : 1) Water used in reactor as coolant, moderator and reflector is cheap and easily available. 2) The reactor is a compact and power density is high. 3) A small number of control rods are required. 4) There is a complete freedom to inspect and maintain the turbine, feed pump, heater, condenser during operation. 5) Fission products remain contained in reactor and are not circulated. 6) P.W.R. reduces fuel cost extracting more energy. Disadvantages : 1) Capital cost is high. 2) Primary circuit requires strong pressure vessel. 3) In secondary circuit thermodynamic efficiency is quite low. 4) Fuel suffer radiation damage. 5) More corrosion problem. 6) It is necessary to shut down reactor for fuel charging. Following factors considered while selecting site for nuclear Power Plant 1) Safety Plant should be located away from populated area. 2) Radioactive waste disposal Highly radioactive waste requires sufficient space near plant for disposal. 3) Cooling water and transportation facility should be near to the plant. 4) Location of power plant should be away from enemy attack. 5) Foundation It should be stronger for nuclear reactor. 6) For installation of plant sufficient man power is required. Site selection for power plant :(General common points for all type of plants) For selecting a site for any power plant following factors to be considered : 1) Space requirement : For installation of any power plant there is need of space is very important which is based on type and size of power plant. 2) Cost & type of land : Cost of land is very important including taxes on it as well as strata should be hard for installation of any type of power plant. 3) Availability of fuel & transportation facility : Availability of fuel also cost of fuel near the power station affect the economy of power plant. Transportation facility also plays very important role to minimize cost of plant.
4) Availability of Cooling Water : A steam station requires large quantity of cooling water. Therefore it requires sump of water which is free from salt near to power stations. 5) Economical distribution of power : The power station is to be located at the centre of gravity of load area; If the load is to be distributed most economically. 6) Foundation : Depending on type of power plant, shape and size, weight of machines foundation is very important. Here type of soil, type of strata is very important for foundation. Solar Energy : It is very important renewable source of energy in which we get energy in the form of electromagnetic waves by solar radiation. We know other than solar energy sun plays very important role for getting energy like wind energy, tidal energy, light energy, and heat energy. For getting solar energy we use different types of collectors which are useful for following purpose. 1) To concentrate solar rays on required target. 2) To increase intensity of solar radiation. 3) To increase temperature of working fluid. Flat plate collector : (Read once)
Elements of flat plate collector : (Read once) It absorb both direct (or) Beam and diffuse radiations. 1) Transparent Cover : It consist of one (or) more sheets of glass (or) radiation transmitting plastic film (or) sheet. It allows solar energy to pass through but reduces heat losses from absorber. 2) Absorber Plate : Normally metallic like copper, Aluminum, Galvanizing sheet of steel etc. with black surface. Thickness of plate between (1 to 2 mm.) it shows high absorptivity for solar radiations. Tubes, fins, passage, channels are integral with collector absorber plate. Some times situated at top side. These tubes contains air, antifreeze or water diameter of tube between (1 to 1.5 cm).it should be corrosion resistance it may placed in straight line or in a zigzag manner. Pitch ranging (5 to 15 cm) 3) Insulation : It is provided at back and at side to minimize heat losses. Standard insulating material like Glass wool, Thermocol, rock wool, Fiber glass, Styrofoam etc. 4) Casing or Container : All above components are closed inside casing for protection from weather. Characteristic features of flat plate collector : (Read Once) 1) It absorbs both beam and diffuse radiations. 2) It can found without the need for sun tracking. 3) It is a simple in construction. 4) Less maintenance is required. 5) Installation is at outdoor. So it should be mechanically stronger again all season (rain, storm etc.) Advantages of flat plate collector : (Ref. above 5 points) Limitations : 1) For installation it requires more space. 2) It collect solar energy with less intensity of solar radiation. 3) Where temperature below 90 o is required then we prefer flat plate collector. 4) It should placed in North-South directions. Application : 1) For domestic applications like solar cooker. 2) For electricity generation, emergency lamp, bulbs. 3) For water irrigation system.
4) In space, applications of satellite. 5) For water distillation. 6) For space heating, cooling, drying system. Concentrating Collector : focusing type (Read once) It is a device to collect solar energy with high intensity of solar radiation on energy absorbing surface. Focusing collector is a special form of flat plate collector modified by introducing reflecting (or) refracting surface. When high temperature near about 500 o C (or) more required then we prefer concentrating collector but here we use only direct beam radiations which is coming from specific direction. Advantages and disadvantages of concentrating collectors over flat plate collector : (Read once) Advantages : 1) Reflecting surface required less material. 2) Structure is simple. 3) Cost per unit area of solar collecting surface is less. 4) Absorber area of concentrator system is smaller than flat plate collectors. 5) When we need higher temp for boilers furnace, for electricity generation then we prefer concentrating collectors. 6) So intensity is greater. 7) Due to less Absorbing area there is less amount of heat losses 8) Working fluid can affair higher temperature. 9) By selective surface treatment and by vacuum insulation to reduce heat losses to improve collector efficiency. 10) Economical feasible. 11) Due to higher temperature heat which can be stored per unit volume is larger. 12) So Heat storage cost are less. 13) No Antifreeze is required to protect absorber. 14) Here one (or) two Axis tracking takes place. Disadvantages : 1. Only Beam (or) Direct solar radiations are useful in concentrating collector. 2. Additional maintenance is required for maintain the quality of reflecting surface against dirt weather, oxidation etc. 3. Additional optical losses are present like reflectance loss, intercept loss. 4. High Initial cost.
Parabolic concentrated collector (Read once) It consists of parabolic cylinder. The incident radiations on parabolic surface is reflected & get concentrated along the axis of parabola. Here parabolic cylinder is provided with chain drive so it can rotate about its axis & according to position of sun tracking is takes place So maximum solar energy can enter in parabolic cylinder. With the help of such type of focusing type collector we get higher temperature as compared to flat plate collector & can used to drive steam turbine. To increase concentration, temperature & efficiency of collector mirrors are provided inside parabolic surface.
Solar Power plant : In above fig. shows solar power plant in which for heating water flat plate collector is used. In fig there are two loops I and II which are connecting with each other by Freon boiler or heat exchanger. 1. In loop (I) with the help of pump initially we circulate cold water which is allow to pass through flat plate collector due to which at another end we get hot water then which is allow to pass through Freon boiler or heat exchanger. 2. Now in loop (II) with the help of pump there is circulation of Freon liquid when it passes through Felon boiler it takes heat from hot water & it boils (it s boiling point is very low = 23 o C) so it changes phase (liquid to vapour). This Freon vapour can be used to drive turbine after that it come out from turbine & passed though condenser where condensation takes place & again Freon vapour converted into liquid form (condensate) which is used for recycle. Advantages : 1.Such type of plants suitable in rural areas where for installation large space is available. 2.In our country solar energy is available @ 70 % in yearly period. 3.Used for house lighting and water pumping for irrigation purpose.
Solar water heating system In above fig shows solar water heating system which is commonly used in domestic applications such as in hotels, apartments, hospitals etc. Generally here flat plate solar collector is used with water as a heat transfer fluid. There are two water tanks 1. Insulated Hot water tank (Storage tank) which is placed between cold water tanks & flat plate solar collector but it should be placed above solar collector 2. Cold Water Tank It is generally placed above hot water storage tank. Here when hot water is taken out from hot water tank, then same quantity of water is replaced by cold water from cold water tank in such any cycle is repeated Passive solar water heating system In this system water is circulated naturally due to thermo siphon action Active (or) forced solar water heating system When the collector is fixed above the level of hot water tank pump is required to circulate water by force. Advantages disadvantages & application of solar energy : Advantages : 1.Sun is infinite source of energy. 2.Available at free of cost. 3.Available all over the world.
4.It is pollution free. 5.It can be easily converted into heat, electricity. Disadvantages : 1.Solar energy is not available at night. 2.For night application storage facility is required. 3.Local weather conditions also affect intensity of solar radiation. 4.Generally solar energy is in diffused form & so it requires concentration for different applications. 5.Initial cost in high. Applications : 1.Solar water heating system. 2.Solar cookers (Domestic Application) 3.Solar distillation. 4.Solar power plant. 5.Photovoltaic cell which converts solar energy into electricity (or) light. 6.In industries solar calculators in furnaces. 7.Solar green house. 8.Solar refrigeration & air conditioning system. 9.Solar passive space heating & cooling system. 10.For drying purpose. 11.In space application of satellite. Wind Energy : It is a renewable source of energy we know that the main source of wind is sun who heats the outer surface of earth our planet earth rotates about their own axis & moves around the sun there fore on earth we observe day & night so there is uneven heating of earth surface in this process hot air goes upside that s why there is change in density of air, we know air moves from higher density to lower density with high speed which creates wind. Wind energy is the kinetic energy of air here with the help of windmill we can convert kinetic energy of air into electrical energy. Wind K.E. of air Turbine Mech. Energy Electrical energy There are two types of windmills. 1) Horizontal Axis windmill : In this axis of rotation of windmill is horizontal (or) parallel to ground level. Types : 1) Mono Blade, 2) Twin Blade, 3) Multi Blade 2) Vertical axis windmill : In this type axis of rotation of windmill perpendicular to ground level. Types : 1) S rotor type, 2) Savonious, 3) Darrius
Figure Horizontal Axis windmill. Horizontal axis windmill (or) Turbine : The constructional details of most common horizontal axis windmill (or) turbine is shown in figure. The main parts are as follows: 1) Turbine Blades : They are made of wood, fiberglass (or) metals, various composites. Type of blade, side, nos. are varies according to need (or) model. 2) Hub : The central solid portion of rotor wheel is known as hub. All blades are attached to the hub.
3) Propeller Shaft : On the shaft there is assembly of hub, blades, gear box, braking system and electric generator which converts kinetic energy of wind into rotational shaft energy. (Kinetic Energy Mech. Energy) 4) Nacelle : The rotor is attached to nacelle, mounted at the top of tower. Nacelle contains rotor brakes gear box, generator and electrical switch gear and control which is a closed and used for protection. a) Brakes are used to stop the rotor when power generation is not desired. b) Gear box setup the shaft r.p.m. to suit generator. c) Protection and control function are provided by switch gear and control block. d) Generated electrical power is conducted to ground terminals through a cable. 5) Yaw Control Mechanism : The mechanism to adjust nacelle around vertical axis to keep it facing the wind is provided at the base of nacelle. 6) Grid Connection : It is fitted at the bottom on ground with the help of cables. Electricity generated in electric generator is diverted towards grid connection. 7) Tower : It is generally vertically placed. According to need we can maintain the height by tower. It supports nacelle and rotor. (OR) Wind mill : Working: Fig. shows wind mill. It consists of main parts such as blades, tower, generator and gear box. Wind flows due to the pressure difference in atmosphere. This pressure difference cause due to solar energy. Blades are started to rotate due to velocity of wind. The kinetic energy of wind is converted into the mechanical energy. This mechanical energy is converted into electrical energy by using generator. This generator is connected to blade by shaft through gear box. For power generation by using wind mill wind speed of 8 m/s is required. Advantages : 1) It is renewable source of energy. 2) It is non polluting source. Clean source. 3) It does not require any type of fuel and transportation. 4) Wind is available at free of cost in atmosphere. 5) Power can generate on large scale. 6) It does not create any harmful effect on environment.
Disadvantages : 1) Windmills are noisy in operation. 2) Windmill having high overall weight. 3) For installation it required more open space. 4) It require high initial cost. 5) If there is variation in wind speed then variation in power output. 6) Windmill require minimum 3m/sec. wind speed to drive turbine. 7) Produce limited power upto capacity 7.5 MW. 8) It is not a maintenance free. e.g. Suzlon Ltd. Installed windmill in costal region of Koyana at Chalakewadi etc. Application : 1) For generation of electricity. 2) For water pumping purpose from well. (Agricultural application) 3) Industrial use like telecommunication, radar weather stations and air traffic control. Tidal Energy : Because of gravitational force of attraction of moon there is high tide and low tides which is useful for raise and lower the level of sea water. To utilize tidal energy area where tidal height of water level is above 5 m. There is a need of heavy construction of dam. In which turbine and generator unit is installed which is used to generate electricity. Here Ocean tide contains large amount of potential energy.
Working of Tidal power plant : During high tide the water flow from sea into the tidal basin through water turbine as the level of water in sea is more than tidal basin. This operates the turbine and generator and power is produced. Potential energy of sea water converted into mechanical energy by turbine and it converts into electrical by generators. During low tide water flow from tidal basin into sea as water level in the sea is lower than basin level in both cases generation of power is same. Only difference in that rotation of turbine blade is opposite. So during high tide and low tide there is alternatively generation of power. Power generation is totally stops when level of water in both sides sea as well as in basin is same. Advantages : 1) Tidal power plant is clean and renewable source of energy. 2) Tidal energy is free from any environmental pollution. 3) Power generation is during both high tide and low tide period. Disadvantages : 1) Availability of proper site is very important and difficult task. 2) Cost of construction of Dam is high. 3) Power generation is varies from time to time due to variation in tide. 4) Chances to carry mud and loose material by sea water. So there is chances to blockage in turbine and generator unit. 5) Tidal power plant fails to satisfy growing need of the world. Geothermal Power Plant : Geothermal energy is the energy which is present in earth s inner shell. For the location of geothermal plant such that geothermal field is available in short depth. Site selection is very important and difficult task in this plant. Figure: Geothermal power plant
Figure shows geothermal power plant which consists of the following main components: Underground steam storage, steam separator, turbine and Generator. Steam is present in the earth crust at 10 km depth is about 2000 o C. It is stored in the underground steam storage tank. This steam is taken out through pipe and valve and passed through steam separator. In steam separator moisture content in the steam is taken out and dry steam is allowed to pass in steam drum where steam is stored. The moisture content in steam is then injected into the ground. As per requirement steam is passed over the turbine and kinetic energy of steam is converted into mechanical work. Turbine is connected to the generator by shaft which generates power. Mechanical energy of shaft is converted into electrical energy by generator. Advantages : 1) Renewable source of energy. 2) It is pollution free; No, Co 2 emission. 3) Clean and cheap energy source. 4) Easily available in nature. Disadvantages : 1) Site selection is very important and difficult task. 2) Advanced technology required to construct and operate plant. e.g. power plants in New Zealand. Biomass Energy : It is renewable source of energy. The main source is sun; Here in photosynthesis process solar energy is stored in form of chemical energy. In this sun s energy convert Co 2 and water into organic matter which is nothing but biomass. Solar energy - Photo synthesis Biomass energy generation There are three form of biomass : 1) Traditional solid mass : Biomass in its traditional solid mass like wood and agricultural residue is used directly for burning purpose to obtain heat and energy. 2) Liquid form of biomass : It is non traditional form of liquid fuel in this biomass is converted into ethanol and methanol to used as fuel in I.C. engine. 3) Fermented biomass : By fermentation process of biomass, biogas is produced used as fuel.
Biogas Plant : In above figure shows Biogas Power Plant also called as Gobar gas Plant. In this plant Anaerobic digestion process (in absence of oxygen) (or) fermentation process actual it is a bacterial process in which biodegradation of organic matter and produce a biogas whole this process takes place in digester. Final product biogas contains Methane (CH 4 ) and Carbon Dioxide (Co 2 ). The digester consist of deep circular well built by bricks, mortar and plaster to minimize heat loss. Generally constructed under ground level for safety purpose for avoid leakage and to maintain temperature. The gas holder is present above digester here partition between both is provided to avoid mixing of gas and slurry. There is provision of central hollow pipe to collect gas in gas holder. After that it diverted towards kitchen for domestic application.
Inlet tank contains cattle dung and water mixture (by weight 1:1) which is called as slurry through inlet pipe it is diverted towards bottom of digester. The slurry remain in digester up to 40 to 50 days. In this period because of fermentation process biogas is produced. After fermentation process remaining matter is taken out through outlet pipe to outlet tank and used as fertilizer. For getting a maximum biogas following care should be taken. 1) Temperature inside digester is maintained between 20 to 40 o C. 2) Retention period is between 45 to 60 days. 3) Cow dung diluted with water in 1:1 ratio (by weight). Advantages : 1) Raw material used as cow dung is easily available in villages, rural area at free of cost. 2) Easy to operate and having less maintenance. 3) No additional Co 2 emission to environment. 4) Digested matter used as fertilizer. Disadvantages : 1) Effectively implemented in villages where open space is available. 2) For producing gas it takes more time. 3) Initial investment is required for construction of well. Bio-Diesel Energy : (Read once) It is a renewable source of energy which is produced from oil of crops, including vegetable oil, palm oil, coconut oil, sun flower, soyabeans, waste cooking oil as well as animal fat based consisting long chain alkali esters and Jatropha etc. Now a days in whole world bio diesels are used along with conventional hydrocarbon diesel in some percentage which are expressed by letter B 4 Nos. showing % like- B5 Use of 5% bio diesel in conventional diesel. B20 - Use of 20% bio diesel in conventional diesel. Benefits of Bio diesel : 1) Bio diesel is considered as renewable fuel (Eco friendly). 2) It does not pollute soil & water. 3) It does not toxic. 4) It is highly bio degradable. 5) It has a good lubricating property. 6) It gives 60% reduction in Co 2 and unburned hydrocarbon emissions. 7) It has no sulphur content so it does not contribute to acid rain formation. Drawbacks : 1) It has less energy content (@11% less than conventionally). 2) Oxides of nitrogen, a smog forming gas are slightly higher in bio diesel. 3) It produces from corn so food shortage and increase the prices of food.
4) Cost of bio diesels is more than regular diesel. Applications : 1) For heating purpose in boilers for domestic and commercial use. 2) In railways @ 20% bio diesel and 80% conventional diesel used as fuel. 3) In aircraft as a fuel. 4) In cars as fuel Volkswagen take initiative in using B5 and B100 made from rape seed oil. Difference between conventional (i.e Non-Renewable) Energy & Non-Conventional (i.e. renewable energy.) Conventional 1 The energy which can not use again and again; after single use it vanish. 2 Raw material is not easily available in atmosphere not at free of cost. Non-Conventional 1 The energy which can use again and again; after single use it does not vanish. 2 Raw material is easily available in atmosphere at free of cost. 3 Availability is limited. 3 Availability is not limited. 4 We can easily store some quantity 4 Some limitations for storage for for a certain period. certain period. 5 It generates pollutions like Co; Co 2 ; 5 Pollution free (or) less pollutants No x, So x produced. 6 We can easily transport this form of 6 Difficulty in transporting this form energy. of energy. 7 Less space is required for 7 Large space is required for installation. installation. 8 It gives high efficiency. 8 It gives low efficiency. 9 Site selection is not so important. 9 Site selection is very important and difficult task. 10 Initial investment is low. 10 Initial investment is high. 11 Power generation is continuous and 11 Power generation is not continuous high. and less. 12 e.g. Thermal energy; Coal, Nuclear energy; Oil petroleum; Gas turbine. 12 e.g. Solar, Wind, tidal, geothermal; Biomass etc.
Question Bank : Sources of Energy & Power Plant 16 m. 1 State various conventional sources of energy. 2 m. 2 Enlist four non-conventional energy sources. 2 m. 3 State advantages of non-conventional energy. 2 m. 4 State four limitations of solar energy. 2 m. 5 Give the classification of conventional and non conventional sources of energy. 6 Enlist non-conventional energy sources and state advantages of Bio-diesel as an alternative fuel. 7 Point out parameters involved in site selection of Thermal power plant. 8 Explain construction & working of Thermal power plant with neat layout. 9 Draw neat layout of Thermal power plant and indicate flow direction. 10 Draw a neat sketch of Thermal power plant and name the components. / Give the function of each component. 11 Draw a line diagram of Thermal power plant with all components and explain their working with the help of cycle on which it works. 2 m. 4 m. 4 m. 4 m. 4 m. 4 m. 8 m. 12 Sketch the labeled layout of Thermal power plant and explain the working of i) Steam circuit ii) Flue gas circuit 8 m. 13 Explain construction and working of Gas turbine power plant. 4 m. 14 Write a short note on Nuclear power plant. 4 m. 15 Explain with neat sketch construction and working of PWR 8 m. 16 Explain the working of Solar power plant with neat sketch. 4 m. 17 What are the parameters consider while selection of a site for power plant. 4 m. 18 Point out parameters for site selection of gas turbine power plant. State application of gas turbine. 4 m.
19 Sketch parabolic concentrated collector write advantages and limitations of solar energy. 4 m. 20 Explain with neat sketch working of domestic solar water heater. 8 m. 21 Draw a neat labeled sketch of typical Solar water heating system. 4 m. 22 Explain with sketch parabolic concentrated collector. 4 m. 23 Sketch parabolic concentrated collector. write advantages and limitations of Solar energy. 4 m. 24 Compare conventional energy sources with non-conventional energy sources on basis of - i) Availability ii) Harnessing tech. development. iii) Harnessing cost. iv) Pollution v) Example of sources. vi) Magnitude of power generation. vii) Energy density. viii) Environmental hazards. 25 Enlist any four factors for site selection of gas turbine power plant and draw a labeled sketch of gas turbine power plant. 8 m. 8 m. 26 State limitations of Tidal energy. 2 m. 27 Explain the working of Tidal plant with neat sketch. 4 m. 28 Explain Geothermal power plant. State its advantages and limitations. 29 What is non-conventional energy sources? Give its two examples. 8 m. 2 m. 30 State limitations of wind energy. 2 m. 31 What do you understand by Bio-diesel? How it is useful in future? 4 m. 32 Draw a labeled sketch of solar power plant and explain its 8 m. working principle. State the difference methods of solar energy collection.
33 Write advantages of non conventional energy sources Solar, Biomass, Wind energy, Tidal energy. 8 m. 34 Describe working of Wind mill. 4m 35 Describe with neat sketch construction and working of Nuclear power plant. 8 m 36 Describe concept of Tidal power plant. 4 m.