WINTER COLONY LOSSES AND RENEWAL OF HONEY BEE LIVESTOCK IN AUSTRIA Robert Brodschneider Karl Crailsheim
COLOSS survey on winter colony losses Colony loss rate [%] 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Winter Brodschneider et al., 2010; van der Zee et al., 2012
COLOSS survey on winter colony losses Colony loss rate [%] 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Winter Brodschneider et al., 2010; van der Zee et al., 2012
Colony dynamics Winter 2007/08 2008/09 2009/10 2010/11 2011/12 537 operations Summer reproduction Fall 2010 12654 colonies Winter loss Spring 2010 10690 colonies Spring 2011 10559 colonies P>0,05, Chi 2 Test
Colony dynamics 832 operations Winter 2007/08 2008/09 2009/10 2010/11 2011/12 Summer reproduction Fall 2011 20841 colonies Colony loss rate [%] 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Winter loss Winter Spring 2011 17566 colonies P<0,05, Chi 2 Test Spring 2012 15198 colonies
Renewal of honey bee life stock After a winter with very high losses How do beekeepers compensate for losses? Market research on honey bee trade
Material & Methods COLOSS survey on winter loss Follow-up study Online (LimeSurvey 1.91) 27.9.2012-5.11.2012 75% response, 246 answers Production of livestock Buy and sell of livestock Queens, nuclei, swarms, colonies Market research : reasons; details of bee trade etc.
Results: operation types 9% 16% n Median operation size Keepers 23 6.5 Breeders 185 12 Sellers 38 45 Total 246 13 Precursor study 1537 12 Winter loss (%, 95% CI) 18.0 (8.7-33.6) 25.0 (21.5-28.9) 15.0 (10.7-20.7) 21.0 (18.3-24.1) 25.9 (24.6-27.2) 75% Sellers Reprod. & Sale Breeders Reprod. Keepers No reprod.
Multiplication Factor (MF) MF = (NewUnits + OriginalColonies) OriginalColonies Queens Swarms Nuclei Colonies MF Q MF S/N MF C After winter Honey bee units Photo: www.lvwi.de
Multiplication Factor (MF) MF = (NewUnits + OriginalColonies) OriginalColonies Beekeeping operation 1 colony 0 new colony MF = 1 1 new colony MF = 2 Photo: www.lvwi.de
Multiplication Factor (MF) Annual demand for honey bee livestock: % MF Compensation winter losses 25.9 1.371 Regular requeening 40.9 0.409 Problem related requeening 7.7 0.077 Other losses?? -- Overall multiplication factor: 1.857 Median operation MF: 1.667
Results: MF ANNUAL DEMAND: Overall multiplication factor: 1.857 4 Keepers Breeders Sellers Total MF 2 0 Keepers Breeders Sellers Total
Results: Reproduction How is renewal accomplished? Queens Nucs, swarms Home-grown 83.7% 97.6% Purchased bees 16.3% 2.4%
Results: Reproduction Honey bee units 1500 1200 900 600 300 Bought bee units Home-grown bee units 0 Replace queens (old, lost, nonlaying, drone laying) Restore winter losses Extend operations n.a. Own breeding Restore other losses Usage of bought and home-grown honey bees Other reasons n = 802 bought bee units, 3137 home grown bee units
Results: Buying queens or bees (Market research) 100% Do not buy Buy bees or queens 75% 50% 25% 0% n=246 n=23 n=185 n=38 Total set Keepers Breeders Sellers
Results: Buying and selling 90 units (%) 75 60 45 30 15 0 artificial inseminated unmated open mated controlled mated Sell Buy Sell Buy Sell Buy Queens Colonies Swarms, nuclei n=2247 (sell), 756 (buy)
Results: Buying and selling 90 units (%) 75 60 45 30 15 0 artificial inseminated unmated open mated controlled mated Sell Buy Sell Buy Sell Buy Queens Colonies Swarms, nuclei n=2247 (sell), 756 (buy)
Results: Buying queens or bees Purchases (%) 50 40 30 20 10 0 April May June July August September Month of bee purchase Queens (n=115) Nucs & colonies (n=53)
Results: Buying queens or bees 46.7% of purchasers order in advance 20 15 % 10 92.5% of preorders were successfully executed 5 0 Month of reservation n=88
Results: Buying queens or bees 51.8% purchase bees from one sales operation 48.2% purchase bees from more than one sales operation n=137
Results: Buying queens or bees Reasons to choose sales-operation 80 Approval (%) 60 40 20 n=137 0 Quality Confidence Genetics Nearby Price Other Habit No alternative known
Results: Buying queens or bees Spatial aspects: 25 Distance between honey bee buyers and sellers in Austria in 2012 (n=153) (%) 20 15 10 5 Median (21.5 km) Average (50.1 km) shipping distance 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 >250 Distance (km)
Conclusions - general The production of and business with honey bee livestock is an important part of beekeeping This might become more important when colony losses increase Proposition to study not only colony losses but also compare with reproduction Multiplication factor Estimate annual demand Estimate annual reproduction
Conclusions - Austria MF in Austria 2012 ~ 1.8 Breeder operations (and total community) achieve this MF Specialised Seller operations exceed this MF Beekeepers are self-supporters More than 50% of operations buy honey bee livestock Replace queens Restore winter losses Bee trade is mainly a local business