Outlook on WtE bottom ash recycling and EU policy MAXIME PERNAL, CEWEP SEMINAR: BOTTOM ASH RECYCLING AS A COMPONENT FOR THE CIRCULAR ECONOMY 8 TH JUNE 2017
CEWEP - Confederation of European Waste-to-Energy Plants 2 CEWEP is the umbrella association of the operators of Waste-to-Energy Plants across Europe. They thermally treat household and similar commercial & industrial waste that remains after waste prevention, reuse and recycling and generate energy out of it. 2014 CEWEP Members: 69.1 M tonnes; 386 plants Europe: 88.6 M tonnes; 483 plants Uddevalla WtE plant, Sweden Padua WtE plant, Italy
Waste-to-Energy in Europe in 2014 Legend: Waste-to-Energy Plants operating in Europe Waste thermally treated in Waste-to-Energy plants (in million tonnes) Norway 17 1.58 Sweden 33 5.7 3 Finland 9 1.2 Estonia 1 0.22 Latvia 483 plants 88.6 M tonnes capacity treating household and commercial & industrial waste that remains after waste prevention, reuse and recycling Portugal 3 0.97 Ireland 1 0.22 Spain* 12 2.5 Denmark 26 3.5 United Kingdom 32 7.9 Netherlands 12 7.6 Belgium 18 3.3 France 126 14.7 Luxembourg 1 0.13 Germany 99 25 Switzerland 30 3.8 Poland 1 0.04 Czech Republic 3 0.64 Austria 11 2.4 Slovenia Italy 44 6.3 Croatia Lithuania 1 0.14 Slovakia 2 0.19 Hungary 1 0.38 Romania Bulgaria Greece Data supplied by CEWEP members and national sources * Includes plant in Andorra
Municipal waste treatment in 2015 EU 28 + Switzerland, Norway and Iceland 4 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 46% 68% 48% 55% 46% 52% 58% 33% 41% 48% 45% 58% 40% 49% 40% 42% 30% 30% 32% 34% 33% 30% 32% 21% 18% 14% 12% 12% 3% 16% 19% 19% 18% 15% 7% 11% 3% 53% 43% 30% 4% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 27% 26% 32% 51% 44% 53% 47% 39% 1% 1% 1% 1% 3% 59% 48% 34% 9% 12% 18% 32% 35% 21% 18% 23% 24% 26% 30% 18% 13% 42% 44% 49% 53% 54% 55% 55% 67% 68% 73% 81% 81% 82% 82% 93% 47% 53% 3% 67% Landfill Waste-to-Energy Recycling + Composting *: 2013 data Graph by CEW EP, Source: EUROSTAT
Municipal waste treatment trends 2001-2015 EU 28 5 Graph by CEWEP, Source: EUROSTAT 2017 60% Landfilling -30% 50% Waste-to-Energy +11% Recycling +18% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Landfill Waste-to-Energy Recycling + composting
Where does Waste-to-Energy stand? 6 Circular Economy Sink for pollutants Diverting waste from landfills Quality Recycling and Material efficiency Waste to Energy Local, cost-effective, secure energy Energy Union Replacing fossil fuels with Renewables Energy Efficiency
WtE bottom ash production 7 Key figures (EU) 88 million tonnes of waste treated by WtE 15-19 million tonnes IBA produced per year 2.7 to 3.5 million tonnes CO 2 equivalent emission saving from metal recycling 9 to 24 kg of Aluminum per tonne recovered from bottom ash
Bottom ash: recovery examples 8 Country Austria Belgium Denmark France Germany Italy Netherlands Portugal Spain Sweden Use as a secondary construction material No intention to reuse except as landfill structure material Use of granulates in road construction, concrete products Road subbase and embankments, Filler for marine structures (dams, ports), Construction material for parking and small building foundations 80% of bottom ash recovered in road construction Road subbase construction, recovery on landfills (roads, shaping) or storage in salt mines Recovery in cement kilns, road construction, landfill construction Road subbase and embankments, Noise barriers, Foundation material, Concrete products, Landfill prohibited Road construction, recovery on landfill sites (as construction layers) Road construction, recovery on landfill sites (as construction layers) Reuse as landfill covering material UK 55% reused as road material in 2011
Outlook on EU policy 9 Circular Economy Waste classification Chemical, Product, Waste interface BREF Waste Incineration European Innovation Partnership on Raw Materials (2017 2021)
Circular Economy package 2015 10 Commission proposal - Amendments to the Waste Framework Directive To calculate the targets, Member States may take into account the recycling of metals that takes place in conjunction with incineration in proportion to the share of the municipal waste incinerated provided that the recycled metals meet certain quality requirements. A common calculation methodology and quality criteria to be adopted by the Commission before 1st July 2019 Supported by European Parliament and Council of the EU
11 Waste Classification Amendment of Annex III to Directive 2008/98/EC (WFD) listing hazardous properties - (Regulation 1357/2014): HP1 to HP13 and HP15 Amendment on HP14 in separate act (to be published soon in OJ) Positive development: introduction of recital (7) [ ]. Decision 2000/532/EC provides that, where a hazardous property of waste has been assessed by a test and by using the concentrations of hazardous substances as indicated in Annex III to Directive 2008/98/EC, the results of the test shall prevail. Furthermore, Article 12 of Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008, in particular Article 12(b) and the methodologies for its application, should be taken into account. CEWEP and ECN (Dutch research institute) drafted a practical guidance to provide clarity in the classification process with local authorities.
Chemical, Product, Waste interface 12 Roadmap (27 th January) focusing on: Insufficient information about substances of concern in products and waste Substances of concern in recycled materials/in articles made of recycled materials Uncertainties about how materials can cease to be waste Difficulties in applying EU waste classification and impacts on recyclability of materials After the recently launched consultation with stakeholders, a communication will be published to present the analysis and identify options to facilitate recycling through promotion of non-toxic material cycles and better tracking of chemicals of concern in products. Indicative planning: 4 th quarter 2017
BREF Waste Incineration 13 BREF Waste Incineration Draft 1 released 24/05/2017 Covers treatment of slags and/or bottom ashes from the incineration of waste 10 BAT conclusions mentioning bottom ash BAT 11. In order to improve the overall environmental performance of the bottom ash treatment plant, as part of the waste stream management plan (see BAT 1), BAT is to set up and implement an output quality management system. BAT 27. In order to reduce dust emissions to air from the treatment of slags and bottom ashes, BAT is to carry out these activities in enclosed equipment under negative pressure and to treat the extracted air with a bag filter (see Section 5.2.2). BAT 34. In order to reduce emissions to water from flue-gas cleaning and/or from the treatment of slags and bottom ashes, BAT is to use an appropriate combination of the techniques given below, and to use secondary techniques as close as possible to the source in order to avoid dilution. BAT 35. In order to increase resource efficiency and improve the recovery of useful materials from the incineration residues, BAT is to handle and treat bottom ashes separately from fly ashes and from other FGC residues, and to use a combination of the techniques given below.
European Innovation Partnership on Raw Materials (2017 2021) 14 The European Innovation Partnership on Raw Materials is a stakeholder platform that brings together representatives from industry, public services, academia and NGOs. Mission: shaping the EU's future raw materials policy framework Target 4: Framework conditions for enhanced efficiency in material use and in waste prevention, re-use and recycling, and raw materials efficient product design.
15 Waste-to-Energy Maximum recycling. Minimum landfill CEWEP Confederation of European Waste-to-Energy Plants maxime.pernal@cewep.eu www.cewep.eu