Recycling urban organic waste to agriculture and horticulture Innovative strategies Kor Zwart Funded by the European Union Joint Scientific Workshop FertiPlus-IneMad-ReUseWaste-Biorefine Cluster Europe Neudietendorf (D) May 26th 2015
Approach Liquid versus Solid waste Current Situation Desired situation Perspectives
Liquid municipal waste
` Current Aim: Removal of: Liquid Waste Processing Protection of surface waters COD; BOD; Toxic components; Nutrients
Liquid Waste Processing Current Strategy: Collect it all Process it all in a mixed system
Marthe de Graaff, thesis WUR, (2010)
Large sludge production
Current Waste Water Treatment EU UWWTD
Article 3 EU, 2012 (EC, 2012)
Article 4 EU, 2012 (EC, 2012)
Article 5 EU, 2012 (EC, 2012)
Liquid Waste Processing Future Aim Recycling of Nutrients & Organics; Protection of surface waters
Liquid Waste Processing Future Aim Current Strategy: Collect it all Process it all in a mixed system
Marthe de Graaff, thesis WUR, (2010) 16
Solid Municipal Waste Current Aim: Deposit prevention Recycling where possible
Solid Municipal Waste Current strategy: Separation at Source Separation after collection Recycling recyclables Composting Organics Combustion RDF
EU MSW Recycling Current Situation MSW waste recycling as a percentage of municipal waste generation, 2001 and 2010
Biowaste Recycling Bio-waste recycling as a percentage of municipal waste generation, 2001 and 2010
Percentage of biodegradable municipal waste landfilled in each European country with derogation periods for fulfilling the BMW diversion targets of the EU Landfill Directive, compared with the amount generated in 1995.
Organic Municipal Waste Future Aim: End of Waste Recycle all
Organic Municipal Waste Future strategy: Separation at Source Separation after collection Organic Fertilizer Energy (Bio)refinery
Organic Fractions
From Organic Waste to (Organic) Fertilizer 25
LW MSW Org Mineral Organic Biogas/ digestate Liquids Solids Pyrolysis Nutrient recovery Water Agriculture Biorefinery Compost OMF SOF
Towards a Biobased Economy
Effects of a BIOBASED Economy More biomass needed for: Food; Fuel; Biomass Based Products
Biobased Energy
Effects BBE EU Max of 5% biofuels from food crops Demand for organic residues for energy will increase the demand for Crops Waste Currently affecting biogas installations
Biomass the New Gold (?) Biomass the New Gold
Effects BBE : Crop residues return to the soil Biomass available for composting Organic matter return to the soils due to further processing of animal manure Soil Organic Matter under pressure
Effects Soil on BBE Most important Primary Production factor Soil fertility determines Biomass Yield and Quality
Boosting BBE Increased Biomass Demand Decreasing SOM Decreasing Yields Less Biomass
SOM: What are we talking about? Role OM in soils Amounts Dynamics
Role of SOM Biology Source of energy Source of carbon, nutrients Resilience soil-plant system Physics Soil structure Water retention Thermal properties Chemistry CEC Buffer capacity Complexation SOIL ORGANIC MATTER
Challenge To produce new types of organic fertilizers Same functionalities as SOM at lower soil contents High water retention High CEC Good soil structure Nutrients (?) Soil biology
What is an ideal organic fertilizer? Aspects to consider: Function of Soil Organic Matter (SOM) Nutrients to crops Soil formation Energy needed for production GHG effects Costs...
Property Ideal organic fertilizer Unit / Remark Water Holding Capacity 20 x its own weight Annual Stability 0.1-3% degradation Soil organisms ++ effect Only above 10- N-mineralization ++ 15 o C CEC 200-300 cmol/kg OM Soil structure and stability ++ Cost price ( ) Low, effect dependent Energy balance ++ Overall production GHG balance ++ process
New organic products New Process / Technology Needed Combined process: Biological/Chemical Anaerobic to preserve energy Aerobic to create stability and CEC (AEC?) To manage N P mineralization
Take Home Messages Further Separation at Source Biorefinery (?) Recovery of Energy and Nutrients New organic fertilizer needed in BBE BBE may help to produce such products
WHY PRODUCE WASTE IF YOU THROW IT AWAY ANYWAY 42
43
Clay content SOM types in SOIL types CLAY 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% Soluble Particulate Humus Inert SAND 0% CEC Soil structure Energy for biological processes Provision of Nutrients Soil Temperature After: http://grdc.com.au/uploads/documents/cso000291.pdf
SOM amounts Plough layer 30 cm Ton / ha Soil 3750 Org matter (3%) 115 (Living) 1.2 C-total (1.5%) 57.5 N-total (0.15%) 5.8
SOM Dynamics
SOM decomposition and compensation