WLHS / Biology / Monson Name Date Per FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE: BIOLOGY - Semester 2 UNIT 6 - Chapters 11 & 14: GENETICS, HEREDITY, MENDEL, HUMAN GENETICS VOCABULARY (CH 11): Traits Gamete Fertilization Hybrid Allele Dominant Recessive Law of segregation Phenotype Genotype Homozygous Heterozygous Monohybrid cross Dihybrid cross Punnett square Diploid Haploid Homologous chrom. Meiosis Zygote Crossing over Nondisjunction Sperm vs. egg Law of independent assortment VOCABULARY (CH 14): Pedigree Carrier Fetus Cystic fibrosis Tay-Sachs disease Phenylketonuria (PKU) Huntington s disease Incomplete dominance Codominance Multiple alleles Autosome Sex chromosome Sex-linked trait Polygenic inheritance ABO blood groups Hemophilia Down Syndrome Karyotype MEIOSIS: 1) Compare the processes of MITOSIS and MEIOSIS: How many daughter cells are produced? If the parent cell has 22 chromosomes, how many chromosomes are in the daughter cells produced? Are cells produced diploid or haploid? Does crossing over occur? If crossing over does occur, WHEN does it happen? What is the reason or purpose for producing the daughter cells? (what are the daughter cells used for?) How similar are the daughter cells to each other? How many phases are in each process? (list them) MITOSIS MEIOSIS WHERE in an animal s body does this process occur? 2) More MEIOSIS questions: GENETICS: what happens during crossing over? in what phase do the homologous pairs of chromosomes separate? in what phase do the sister chromatids separate from each other in MEIOSIS? # of chromosomes in human somatic (body) cell? # of chromosomes in human gamete? 3) Cross two plants that are heterozygous for green pods. List all possible GENOTYPES and PHENOTYPES in the offspring. (Hint: green pod color, G, is dominant over yellow pod color, g). offspring genotypes: offspring phenotypes:
4) You are continuing your study of pea plants and will now conduct a DIHYBRID cross. In addition to the pod color trait in the previous problems (green is dominant to yellow), you also know that tall plants are dominant over short plants. Cross 2 plants, both of which are heterozygous green pod color and heterozygous tall. CROSS: X. List the 4 gamete combinations possible in each parent: What is the phenotypic ratio of the offspring? (list below): EXCEPTIONS TO MENDEL: 5) For each example below, choose from the following answers: Incomplete Dominance Sex-Linked Multiple Alleles Codominance human blood types a blue flower and a yellow flower plant are crossed; the offspring are green a red flower and white flower are crossed; the offspring are red w/ white spots men get hemophilia more often than women 6) A mother with blood type A and a father with blood type B have a child with blood type O. Complete the Punnett Square to show how this could happen. 7) A couple who both are normal have a son with hemophilia. Complete a Punnett Square to show how this could happen. **Hemophilia is sex-linked & recessive! 8) A red cow and a white bull are crossed to produce roan offspring (both white and red hairs). Complete a Punnett Square to show how this could happen. 9) KARYOTYPE: Look at the karyotype shown here. What is the sex of this person? What chromosomal abnormality do they have? What is the cause of this abnormality and when does it happen? How many chromosomes does a normal karyotype have? ***Be able to interpret a PEDIGREE; Review your notes and Genetics study guide!
UNIT 7 - Chapters 16, 17, & 19: HISTORY OF LIFE; EVOLUTION; DARWIN; NATURAL SELECTION VOCABULARY (CH 16, 17, 19): Fossil Paleontologist Relative dating Absolute dating Radioactive dating Extinction Evolution Fitness Biogeography Index fossil Half-life Plate tectonics Mass extinction Darwin Lamarck Artificial selection Natural selection Mimicry Camouflage Homologous structures Analogous structures Vestigial structure Embryo Galapagos Islands Adaptations Gene pool Allele frequencies Genetic drift Stabilizing selection Directional selection Disruptive selection Speciation Geographic isolation Reproductive isolation Gradualism Punctuated Adaptive radiation Coevolution Convergent evolution Bottleneck effect equilibrium Founder effect Sexual selection Species Speciation Behavioral isolation Temporal isolation Molecular clock 1) List / describe 5 lines of evidence for evolution. 2) What is a fossil? Describe 2 ways fossils can form. 3) Differentiate between analogous, homologous, and vestigial structures and give an example of each. analogous: homologous: vestigial: 4) A patient is administered 100 milligrams of iodine-131. How much iodine-131 will remain in the patient s body after 40 days if the half-life of iodine-131 is 8 days? 5) A human jawbone is found at an ancient burial site. It is found to contain 15.625 mg of the original 250.0 mg of carbon-14. Knowing the half-life of carbon-14 is 5730 years, calculate the age of this human jawbone. 6) Describe & give an example of the 3 types of selection (disruptive, directional, and stabilizing). 7) Explain & give an example of the 3 types of isolation that lead to speciation. (geographic, behavioral, and temporal) 9) Explain and give an example of the: FOUNDER EFFECT:
BOTTLENECK EFFECT: 10) Compare GRADUALISM and PUNCTUATED EQUILIBRIUM. UNIT 8 - Chapters 20 & 35: VIRUSES & BACTERIA; IMMUNE SYSTEM VOCABULARY (CH 20) Virus Host cell Capsid Lytic cycle Lysogenic cycle Provirus Retrovirus Reverse transcriptase HIV and AIDS Obligate aerobe Obligate anaerobe Binary fission Conjugation Nitrogen fixation Antibiotic Toxin VOCABULARY (CH 35) Infectious disease Vector Zoonosis Inflammatory response Histamine Interferon Fever Immune response Antigen Antibody Humoral immunity Cell-mediated immunity B cells T cells Plasma cells Vaccination Active immunity Passive immunity Memory cells Helper T cells 1) Bacteria reproduce asexually by a process known as:. 2) Some bacteria have a primitive form of sexual reproduction known as. 3) Describe 2 ways in which bacteria are USEFUL to the environment and 2 ways they are useful to humans: 4) List 4 examples of bacterial diseases: 5) Describe two ways that bacteria cause the symptoms of disease: 6) List three ways that bacterial diseases can be transmitted (passed from victim to victim): 7) How are bacterial diseases treated? 8) What are the 2 main parts of a virus? & 9) List 4 examples of illnesses caused by a virus.
10) What is a RETROVIRUS? Is it easier or more difficult to make a vaccine for a retrovirus? Explain. 11) What is HIV? What are the target cells of this virus? What happens after prolonged infection with this virus? 12) Summarize the major events of the LYTIC CYCLE. 13) Compare nonspecific and specific defenses. 14) What are antigens and what is their role in immunity? 15) What are antibodies? Describe their form and function. 16) Compare and contrast the humoral immune response and the cell-mediated immune response. (how do they start? what are the main events? what are the cells involved in each?) 17) Compare active immunity and passive immunity. List HOW one acquires each one naturally and artificially. ACTIVE IMMUNITY: PASSIVE IMMUNITY: 18) List / describe 3 ways to prevent the spread of infectious diseases.
UNIT 9 - Chapters 8-9: PHOTOSYNTHESIS & CELLULAR RESPIRATION VOCABULARY (CH 8-9) ADP Light-dependent reactions Alcoholic fermentation Lactic acid fermentation ATP Light-independent reactions Anaerobic respiration Mitochondria Calvin cycle NADP+ / NADPH Cellular respiration Chlorophyll Photosynthesis Citric acid cycle (Krebs) Electron transport chain Aerobic respiration Glycolysis 1) What is the difference between ATP and ADP? Which has more energy? (you may use the battery analogy) 2) In the ATP molecule, where is the energy stored? How is it released? 3) Draw the ATP/ADP cycle showing the input and output of energy. 4) What is photosynthesis? 5) Where do the light-dependent and light-independent ( dark ) reactions occur? (what specific part of the chloroplast?) light-dependent: light-independent: 6) Complete the table below comparing the processes of cellular respiration and photosynthesis: Cellular Respiration Photosynthesis Location in the cell (organelle) Type of cell (plant, animal, both) BALANCED equation Reactants Products The names of the two reactions Main purpose/product 7) Complete the table below comparing the two steps or phases of cellular respiration: GLYCOLYSIS RESPIRATION / KREBS CYCLE Location in the cell: Starts with: Ends with: Is oxygen required? # of ATPs produced:
8) Compare the two types of fermentation: Lactic Acid Fermentation and Alcohol Fermentation LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION ALCOHOLIC FERMENTATION Is oxygen required? What kind of cell does this? What is produced? # of ATPs produced: UNIT 10 - Chapters 3, 4, 5 & 6: ECOLOGY; COMMUNITIES & BIOMES; POPULATIONS VOCABULARY (CH 3, 4, 5, 6) Ecology Biosphere Abiotic factor Biotic factor Population Community Ecosystem Habitat Niche Symbiosis Commensalism Mutualism Parasitism Predation Autotroph Heterotroph Scavenger Decomposer Herbivore Carnivore Omnivore Food chain Food web Trophic level Energy pyramid Pyramid of numbers Biomass pyramid Water cycle Carbon cycle Nitrogen cycle Precipitation Condensation Evaporation Infiltration Runoff Transpiration Photosynthesis Respiration Combustion Nitrogen fixation Assimilation Denitrification Limiting factor Succession Primary succession Climax community Secondary succession Biome Photic zone Aphotic zone Estuary Intertidal zone Tundra Permafrost Taiga Desert Grassland Temperate forest Tropical rainforest Salinity Immigration Emigration Demographics Birth rate Death rate Exponential growth Carryng capacity Density-dependent Densityindependent Logistic growth CH 3, 4, 5, 6 - ECOLOGY 1) Define and give examples of BIOTIC and ABIOTIC factors. 2) Distinguish between AUTOTROPHS and HETEROTROPHS. Give an example of each. 3) Describe the 3 examples of symbiosis and an example of each: MUTUALISM, COMMENSALISM, and PARASITISM. 4) List and explain the 6 main steps of the WATER CYCLE. **review the carbon and nitrogen cycles as well! 5) In an energy pyramid, approximately what percent of energy at one trophic level becomes available to the consumers at the next trophic level? Why is this such a small amount? (what happens to the rest of the energy?)
6) Explain the difference between PRIMARY SUCCESSION and SECONDARY SUCCESSION. Give examples to help explain. 7) What are PIONEER SPECIES? In what stage of succession would you expect to find these? 8) Compare PHOTIC and APHOTIC zones in aquatic biomes. 10) Define POPULATION: 11) What is the difference between EXPONENTIAL and LOGISTIC growth? (draw the shape of the curve that illustrates each one) 12) Why can t natural populations continue to grow exponentially for too long? 13) What is the CARRYING CAPACITY? What determines carrying capacity? 14) Explain the difference between DENSITY-DEPENDENT and DENSITY-INDEPENDENT factors; list 2 examples of each. 15) SOLVE THIS PROBLEM: A population of ground squirrels in a particular area is measured to have 80 individuals one year. During the following year, 64 squirrels are born, but 52 squirrels die. Also, 17 new squirrels move in to the population, while 19 squirrels move out. A) What is the CHANGE in population size at the end of that year? B) What is the new size of the squirrel population? C) If this change in population size is consistent for many years in a row, what will be the size of the squirrel population after an additional 6 years? **recommended (but not required): do the end of chapter practice multiple choice questions! CH 3: pages 90-93; CH 4: pages 124-127; CH 5: pages 148-151; CH 6: pages 182-185