Bioenergy potential in Indonesia Heinz Stichnothe Thünen Institut für Agrartechnologie Bundesallee 50, 38116 Braunschweig 28.06.2016 BMWI Infoveranstaltung Hannover Seite 1
Agenda Palm oil production Residues current practises Drivers and barriers Residue composition Cascade use - towards a cicular economy Overview available biomass for bioenergy and treatment technologies Summary Additional information 28.06.2016 BMWI Infoveranstaltung Hannover Seite 2
Global palm oil production 28.06.2016 BMWI Infoveranstaltung Hannover Seite 3
Palm oil production Fresh Fruit Bunch (FFB) 1000 kg Oil mill Crude Palm Oil (CPO), 200 kg Kernels 75 kg
Palm oil mill scheme FFB (1000kg) Sterilisation Stripping/ pressing Waste water (100kg) EFB (230kg) Press liquid Screening Settling Press cake Oil Sludge Separator Fibres (140kg) Separ./drying CPO (200kg) Centrif. Clari. Sludge (500kg) Nut cracker Separ./drying Kernels (75kg) Shells (55kg) Waste water (50kg) 28.06.2016 BMWI Infoveranstaltung Hannover
Residues from palm oil production Energy carriers Mesocarp fibre 140 kg Shells 55 kg Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) 0,65 m³ Empty Fruit Bunches (EFB) 230 kg
Estimation based on palm oil production in 2015 165 mill. t 107 mill. t 38 mill. t 8.8 mill. t 23 Millionen t 33 mil. t 28.06.2016 BMWI Infoveranstaltung Hannover Seite 7
Mass flow analysis 30 t CPO/h ca. 150,000 t FFB/a Mass [t/a] % Moisture LCV [GJ/t] Energy content [GJ] Used as Fibres 21,000 40 11.0 231,000 Fuel in CHP Shells 8,200 25 13,4 109,880 Fuel in CHP construction mat. EFB 35,000 65 4,4 154,000 Soil improver, (energy carrier) Demand 219,600 POME 97,500 40 [MJ/m³] 32,000 (as Biogas) (Biogas Electicity) 28.06.2016 BMWI Infoveranstaltung Hannover Seite 8
Drivers and barriers Drivers Legislation, electricity provider has to purchase Feed-in-tariffs National targets for palm oil as energy source Progressive export tax to boost downstream processing Growing energy/electricity demand Barriers Inconsistent regulatory framework Implementation of national regulations National targets but no penalty Public perceptions Access to finance Planning (in)security 28.06.2016 BMWI Infoveranstaltung Hannover Seite 9
EFB
Biomass composition Fibres Shells EFB Lignin[%] 24 48 15 Cellulose [%] 30 26 43 Hemicellulose [%] 21 19 21 Moisture[%] 24 11 36 C [%] 44 50 47 N [%] 1 0.3 0.6 S [%] 0.2 0.2 0.4 K [mg*kg -1 ] 5200 1500 5600 P [mg*kg -1 ] 600 115 570 Mg [mg*kg -1 ] 1500 260 910 Na [mg*kg -1 ] 33 11 100
Composition palm oil mill effluent POME COD-total [kg/m³] 50 COD-dissolved [kg/m³] 25 BOD [kg/m³] 25 TS [kg/m³] 41 N-tot [kg/m³] 0.8 P [kg/m³] 0.2 K [kg/m³] 2.3 Ca [kg/m³] 0.4 Mg [kg/m³] 0.6 ph [-] 4.7 BMWI Infoveranstaltung Hannover
Covered lagoons, biogas flared Cont. Stirred fermentor
Biogas yield Fermenter (tech. scale) Max. biogas yield 1 POME m³/t FFB 0,65 0,65 COD diss kg/m³ POME 25 25 COD sus kg/m³ POME 25 25 Residence time d 2 75 COD diss-rem - 0,90 0,90 COD sus-rem - 0,15 0,60 COD diss-rem kg/m³ POME 22,50 22,5 COD sus-rem kg/m³ POME 3,75 15,0 Sum COD -removed kg/m³ POME 26,3 37,5 spec, Biogas yield m³/kg COD 0,55 0,55 spec, CH 4 yield m³ CH 4 /kg COD 0,35 0,35 CH 4 content % 64 64 CH 4 yield m³/m³ POME 8,73 12,47 Biogas yield m³/m³ POME 13,72 19,59 POME m³/a 97.500 97.500 CH 4 yield m³/a 850.500 1.215.000 Biogas yield m³/ a 1.338.000 1.911.000 Biogas yield m³/h 175 1 Measured at a lagoon, please note that the values shown cannot be used for comparison of the systems above 28.06.2016 BMWI Infoveranstaltung Hannover Seite 14
POME Parameter POM Conventional Advanced system Batch sterilisation (BS) BS and zero dilution Cont. steril. zero dilution Sterilizer condensate Clarificatio sludge m³/t FFB 0.20 0.20 0 m³/t FFB 0.45 0.25 0.25 Sum m³/t FFB 0.65 0.45 0.25 Dilution water m³/t FFB 0.20 0 0 POME % dm 4-5 10 17 1 Cooling water is not taken into account because it is reused in the mill; cleaning water is not taken into account because the amount is negligible
Waste water treatment Anaerobic lagoons, event. aerobic post-treatment Irrigation (after pre-treatment) Co-composting Algae production 28.06.2016 BMWI Infoveranstaltung Hannover Seite 16
Cascade use Biological drying EFB shredder composting compost POME fermentation Biogas Environmental impacts 28.06.2016 BMWI Infoveranstaltung Hannover Seite 17
Co-composting 28.06.2016 BMWI Infoveranstaltung Hannover Seite 18
Payback time (2002) 20 /t fibre or shells, no feed-in tarif, throughput 150,000 t FFB/a 0.63 yr 1.34 yr 0.84 yr 3.05 yr
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BD Palm oil -refinery Palm oil mill Plantation Stage Overview biomass treatment technologies Technology Residues Existing Proven Under development Prospective Fronds Soil improver / soil erosion protection (left on the ground) Cattle feed Pyrolysis/BtL Trunks/stems Soil improver (left on the ground) Incineration (CHP) Pyrolysis/BtL Biogas POME Lagoons With biogas capture EFB Dumped Co-composting Soil improver Biogas Algae production Pyrolysis/BtL/ HTC Shells Construction material Incineration (CHP) Pyrolysis/BtL Boiler ash Disposal Nutrient recovery Spent bleaching earth Disposal or incineration Biogas Palm fatty acid distillate Animal feed and soap ingredient 2 nd gen. biodiesel Feedstock for oleochemistry Phytochemicals, e.g. vitamin E Glycerol Purified glycerol Sugar replacement in Fermentation (1,3-PD) fermentations
Summary Huge potential for biogas in Indonesia Easily available 32 PJ/a from POME Potentially available 60 100 PJ/a from EFB Low CO 2 abetment costs Trade-off energy versus nutrient recycling and soil fertility/ erosion protection focus on underutilised resources Low-cost and low-tech technologies are available Drivers are in place Regulations, national targets Feed-in tariff Growing demand for energy But major hurdles Governance, public perception High investment in not-core business required Insufficient planning security for investors Life cycle thinking - local conditions no one-fits-all 28.06.2016 BMWI Infoveranstaltung Hannover Seite 22
Additional information Available soon
Impressions 28.06.2016 BMWI Infoveranstaltung Hannover Seite 24