BEEF CALF PRODUCTION IN ALABAMA Costs, Returns, and Improvements

Fa k A w. * I- i/ t~i Agricultural Economics Series 5 June 1965 BEEF CALF PRODUCTION IN ALABAMA Costs, Returns, and Improvements o Uk, "C ia. ~~t a "p AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION OF AUBURN UNIVERSITY E. V. SMITH, Director AUBURN, ALABAMA.

Agricultural Economics Series 5 June 1965 BEEF CALF PRODUCTION IN ALABAMA: COSTS, RETURNS, AND IMPROVEMENTS T. D. Nolen by and J. H. Yeager Agricultural Experiment Station of Auburn University E. V. Smith, Director Auburn, Alabama

CONTJENTS Page INTRODUCTION....... 0. 0* 0 «*.*.* *0*.*0*.*.*.90S.. How the Study was Made a a " " " 9 9 9 a 9 " " " 9 " " a " CENTRAL ALABAMA PRODUCERS....... Description of Farms.99.99.9.h9. "*. Level of Costs.... 9.. " **.**.**". * * Input Comparisons.. 9.. 9....99999999 Output Comparisons...i..... ".. 40... ". 0 6 10 Net Returns... Land Charge..... Break-Even Point.. " " " S " 12 13 15 NORTH ALABAMA PRODUCERS..... *..... Description of Farms 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 Level of Costs "...... r.. ".." Input Comparisons Output Compariso.s 9 9 " 9 9 " r 9 9 9 " 9 9 9 " " 9 Net Returns ".". t. w t*!* 49 ".!.!.!!.w. ". ". "*r. ".!.". Land Charge!.!.!.!.. * i * *.!0.r."9"9f9"* f* "* SOUTH ALABAMA PRODUCERS.. 0" s s9 *9 s9 "9 "9 "9 "9 " "9 "9 "9 "9 "9 "9 9 9 Description of Farms........ f....!.... Level of Costs.... it.... 0.. 0. 0. 0.. 18 18 19 21 23 26 26 28 29 29 Input Comparisons... Output Comparisons... Net Returns*..... Land Charge........ a9 i9 s9 a9 a9 a9 a9 a9 a9 i9 a9 9 a 9 a a s 9 9 a ". 9 " a 9 a 9 a 9 9 a 9 a a s. a 9 " 9 a w a 9 a a a "9 a9 "9 a9 a9 "9 9 9 a a 9 f a a9 a a 31 33 36 36 IMPROVEMENTS IN BEEF CALF PRODUCTION." "..... Central Alabama.. 9....,... 999. **... ". North Alabama."." *«*... "99 99. 99w South Alabama.. ". ".. *.. w *... ". w.".. ". Area Comparisons.. " **.. *. * "*. * " 38 39 43 45 51

Page POTENTIAL FOR BEEF CALF PRODUCTION... * * * O * a. 54 SUMMA~RY AND CONCLUSIONS *............ 60 APPENDICES A. METHOD AND PROCEDURE USED IN CALCULATING COSTS..... 62 B. ESTIMATCED COSTS OF FORAGE CROPS....... 67 C. FERTILIZER COSTS ***........... 83 D. PRICES OF GRAIN, PROTEIN, AND MISCELLANEOUS FEEDS.... 86

BEEF CALF PRODUCTION IN ALABA A: COSTS, RETURNS, AND IMPROVEMENTS* by T. D. Nolen** and J. H. Yeager*** The production of beef calves is an important farm enterprise in Alabama. Cattle and calves ranked third as a source of farm cash receipts to Alabama farmers and accounted for 16.5 per cent of total cash farm receipts in 1961.1 In Alabama, the number of brood cows two years old and over increased from 310,000 head in 1950 to 691,000 head in 1962. This represented an increase of 122.9 per cent for the 12-year period. Government control programs for agriculture, a declining farm labor supply, and technological advances in agronomy and animal science have given impetus to the rise of the beef cattle industry in Alabama. Calves accounted for 40.7 per cent of the marketings of beef cattle from Alabama farms in 1962.2. Few facts are available from The research on which this report is based was executed and financed under terms of a contractual agreement with the Southern Railway System, Washington, D. C. Accuracy of statements and interpretations made are solely the responsibility of the authors. The authors acknowledge the cooperation of beef cattle farmers and others who provided information for this study. **Formerly Graduate Assistant, Department of Agricultural Economics. Head, Department of Agricultural Economics. IAlabama Agricultural Statistics, Alabama Department of Agriculture and Industries cooperating with United States Department of Agriculture, Bulletin 11, 1962, p. 82. 2 Farm Production, Disposition, and Income, by States 1961-1962, Statistical Reporting Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 1963.

studies that point out the relative importance of factors that effect profits in the production of beef calves in Alabama. Basic cost data are needed to determine the economic feasibility of producing beef calves. This study was initiated as part of an overall study on the economic potential of beef cattle production and feeding in Alabama. The specific objectives of this phase of the overall project were as follows: (1) To determine the resources used inbeef calf production and the investment required, (2) To determine the costs and returns involved, (3) To determine management practices used and their effect on costs and returns. How the Study was Made In drawing the sample of beef calf producers, the State was divided into three geographical areas: North Alabama, Central Alabama (Black Belt Area), and South Alabama, Figure 1. Counties with less than 10,000 head of beef cattle were excluded from the possibility of entering the sample. Counties included in the sample were as follows: North Alabama: Colbert, Madison, St. Clair, and Tuscaloosa; Central Alabama: Sumter, Marengo, and Montgomery; and South Alabama: Monroe, Butler, Houston, and Choctaw. Names and addresses of producers were supplied by the county agricultural agent. A total of 114 usable records were obtained: 24 in North Alabama, 47 in Central Alabama, and 43 in South Alabama.

tea, - F"."+«., North Alabama -': < ' J Central Alabama 19 t ti«.,.. ito ~ -, South Alabama 4----.? I F * Counties excluded- less than 10,000 beef cattle Fig. 1. Areas of the State and Counties Included in the Sample with the Number of Records Obtained in Each County.

Basic physical inputs and outputs data were obtained by personal interviews with beef calf producers. Since many cattlemen did not keep records of physical inputs used in beef calf production, estimates were necessitated. For a description of method and procedure used in calculating costs, see Appendix A. Several factors may have influenced the results of this study. The year 1962, for which physical input data were obtained, included a severe winter. Several of the sample counties were declared disaster areas by the Secretary of Agriculture and emergency feed grains were made available to certain farmers. This may have resulted in unusually large quantities of grain being fed to the beef herd. Although lists of beef cattle producers were supplied by the county agricultural agent, consideration was given to the ability of the producer to answer the prepared questions. Thus, the sample of cattlemen was not a purely random one. CENTRAL ALABAMA PRODUCERS The Central Alabama Area, as used in this study, consisted of 14 counties in the central part of the State. It is commonly referred to as the "Black Belt" farming area. Black Belt soils range from lime to extremely acid soils. Interspersed throughout the area are large acreages of sandy soils. Nearly all soils in the area are naturally adapted to growing various legumes and grasses for use as pasture and hay production. 3 3 Ben T. Lanham, Jr. et al., Alabama Agriculture, Its Characteristics and Farming Areas, Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin, No. 286, May 1953, pp. 106-107.

The area (14 counties) had 23,774 farms in 1959 with an average size of 193 acres per farm. The farms in the area had an average of 118 acres of pasture per farm. Woodland pasture per farm was 41 per cent of the acreage in pastures. 4 Thus with most of the farmland in pasture, livestock was a major enterprise on a majority of the farms. Description of Farms The Central Alabama Area sample consisted of 47 beef calf producers with an average of 23 years experience in The average age of the producers was 53 years. beef cattle production. About 38 per cent of the producers reported farming as the only source of income. The 47 sample producers operated an average of 1,033 acres of farmland in 1962. About 40 per cent of the producers reported renting from others an average of 473 acres. Five producers rented land to other farmers. One producer rented all of the farmland operated. Thirty-five per cent of the producers reported an average of 41 acres of cotton with a range of 4 to 145 acres. Thirty-five per cent of the producers reported an average of 47 acres of corn with a range of 5 to 150 acres. About 94 per cent of the producers reported an average of 363 acres of woodland. Two producers reported a commercial dairy with 100 and 105 mature milk cows, respectively. The beef producers had an average of 141 beef brood cows. The range in the size of herds was from 15 to 674 cows. 4 United States Census of Agriculture 1959 Alabama - Statistics for Counties, Vol. 1, Part 32, Bureau of the Census, United States Department of Commerce, Washington, D. C., County Table 1, pp. 130-135.

Level of Costs Pasture and feed costs accounted for 67.8 per cent of the total cost per cow, Table I. Fencing and building costs were $8.08 per cow and labor was $4.22 per cow. Interest on investment in beef cattle was $11.05 per cow. Other costs, marketing, feed processing, health, commission and insurance, water, and property tax accounted for only $6.46 or 7 per cent of the total costs per cow. When the total costs for each farm were adjusted for breeding stock sales, inventory change and purchases of cattle, the average net cost per cow was $86.38 for the sample. The cost per hundredweight of beef sold, excluding a land charge, was $26.63 for the sample farms. Total net cost was divided by total pounds marketed to determine cost per hundredweight sold. Input comparisons. Variations in amount and kind of inputs accounted for the difference between the low and middle cost groups while variations in inputs and outputs accounted for the difference in cost between the low and high cost groups. The difference in pasture costs per cow between the low and middle cost groups accounted for 68 per cent of the difference in the total cost per cow. Between the low and high cost group, pasture costs differences accounted for 64 per cent of the overall difference in total costs per cow. Feed costs per cow, harvested forage, grain, protein, and miscellaneous feed, accounted for 16 per cent of the difference between the low and middle cost groups and 31 per cent of the difference between the low and high cost groups. Pasture and feed cost per cow accounted for

Table 1. Itemized Costs per Brood Cow as Reported by 47 Producers of Beef Calves, Central Alabama, 1962 Cost group Item Less than $25.00 to $35.00 Average $25.00 $34.99 per cwt. all groups per cwt. per cwt. and over Number of farms 17 19 11 47 Average no. brood cows 165 124 132 141 Acres used for beef per farm 648 613 657 636 Cost per cow: Pasture $20.37 $ 42.72 $ 46.35 $34.04 Harvested foragea 10.06 12.74 12.18 11.48 Grain 4.40 8.81 16.57 8.64 Protein 8.49 6.85 6.94 7.56 Miscellaneous feed 1.07.88.91.96 Marketing 2.10 2.68 1.92 2.27 Buildings 2.61 3.67 3.27 3.13 Fencing 4.25 4.64 6.81 4.95 Health.94 1.46.74 1.08 Commission and insurance.11.03...06 Water.50.69.36.54 Property tax 1.34 1.68 1.70 1.54 Labor 3.51 4.98 4.36 4.22 Interest on beef animal investment 11.26 11.66 9.63 11.05 Feed processing.87 1.25.73.97 Subtotalb $71.88 $104.74 $112.47 $92.49 Less breeding stock sales, and change in inventory 22.98 11.13 23.58 18.89 Plus purchasesc 15.44 13.15 7.01 12.78 Adjusted total costsb $64.34 $106.76 $ 95.90 $86.38 Pounds of beef marketed per cow 364 365 182 324 Cost per cwt. of beef sold $17.70 $ 29.24 $52.63 $26.63 alncludes purchased hay. bexcludes land charge. cprimarily breeding stock.

8 84 and 95 per cent of the differences between the low and middle and low and high cost groups, respectively. The distribution between primarily native pastures and other grasses indicated strong reliance on native plants in Central Alabama, Table 2. Almost 94 per cent of the pasture land in the low cost group was composed of native or native grasses and clovers. 5 The low cost producers used less temporary crops for hay and pasture, less acres per cow and had a significantly lower fertilizer cost per acre. The higher pasture cost per cow for the middle and high cost group was attributed to lower stocking rate per acre, higher fertilizer cost per acre, and more expensive pasture crops. Amounts of corn, hay and crude protein fed per cow by groups are shown in Table 3. The $5.26 difference in feed cost per cow between the low and the middle cost groups was primarily the result of feeding larger amounts of grain per cow. Between the low and high cost groups, grain cost per cow accounted for $12.17 of the $12.58 difference in feed cost per cow. Corn was the major grain fed. Labor cost per cow accounted for the third largest difference between the low and middle cost groups. The low cost producers reported an average of 7.1 hours of hired labor per cow while the middle cost producers reported 10.4 hours per cow. Buying and selling labor accounted for only $0.30 of the labor cost per cow for both groups. The high cost producers reported an average of 8.9 hours of hired labor per cow. 5 Dallisgrass was considered a native grass in the Central Alabama area. Native grasses, as used in this study included those that have to be established yet tend to persist and do not have to be re-established.

Table 2. Pasture and Hay Crops Used in Producing Beef Calves, 47 Producers, Central Alabama, 1962 Cost group Average Item Unit Low Middle High all groups Producers No. 17 19 11 47 Proportion of land for beef: Native grasses and native grasses plus clover Pet. 93.9 85.7 78.1 86.5 Other cropsa Pct. 6.1 14.3 21.9 13.5 Land double cropped, hay and grazing or grazing and seed Pct. 7.0 9.1 13.1 9.4 Pasture per cow Acre 3.7 4.8 5.0 4.4 Land charged to beef per cow Acre 3.9 4.9 5.0 4.5 Temporary crops per cow Acre.12.39.29.25 Pasture cost per cow Dol. 20.37 42.72 46.35 34.04 a0ther crops include johnsongrass, fescue, bahia, Coastal bermudagrass, Caley peas, oats, rye, ryegrass, grain sorghum, millets and combinations of these. Table 3. Feeds Fed per Cow by 47 Beef Calf Producers, Central Alabama, 1 9 62a ItemCost group Average Item Uit Low Middle High all groups Producers No. 17 19 11 47 Feed: Corn BiU.. 2.7 4.9 10.6 5.2 Hay Lb. 1,340 1,880 1,595 1,584 Crude proteinb Lb. 63.4 54.6 79.0 63.7 Feed costc Dol. 24.02 29.28 36.60 28.64 aamounts fed are averages for the total fed by the group. bincludes crude protein from oil meals and range pellets only. Cpeed cost includes the cost of salt, and cottonseed hulls fed per cow. minerals, cobs and shucks,

10 No significant relationship (r = -. 288) was found between size of herd and hours of labor per cow. This may have resulted from the fact that producers estimated the time required in connection with the cattle enterprise. No records on hours used to feed and handle the cow herds were kept by producers. Fencing cost differences were greatest between the low and high cost groups. This was due primarily to the difference in the amount of fenced woodland per cow, 3.8 acres versus 1.7 acres for the high and low cost groups, respectively. The low and middle cost groups had a difference of $0.39 in fencing cost per cow. Interest on investment in beef cattle was highest in the middle cost group and lowest in the high cost group. The major reason for this difference was in inventory values of raised calves, Table 4. The low cost producers valued their breeding stock at a higher value per head than either of the other groups. Output comparisons. The low and middle cost groups sold almost the same amount of beef per cow, 364 pounds for the low cost group compared to 365 pounds for the middle cost group. The high cost group had the lowest sales of beef per cow, 182 pounds, Table 5. The difference in production per cow was the main reason for the high cost per pound of beef in the high cost group. Net costs per cow were lower for the high cost group than with the middle cost group. However, the production of beef sold per cow was twice as great in the middle cost group. This accounted for the lower cost per hundredweight of beef sold for the middle cost group.

Table 4. Average Beef Cattle Inventory of 47 Beef Calf Producers, Central Alabama, 1962 Cost groupaverage Low Middle High all roups Item Value Value Value Value No. Per Per No. Per Per No. Per Per No. Per Per head farm head farm head farm head farm Farms 17 19 11 47 Cattle per farm: Cows 165 $165 $27.225 124 $150 $18,600 132 $135 $17,820 141 $153 $21,573 Bulls 6 360 2,160 5 345 1,725 5 330 1,650 6 347 2,082 Replacements 10 125 1,250 14 125 1,750 20 110 2,200 14 116 1,624 Raised calves 88 70 6,160 65 105 6,825 53 70 3,710 72 87 6,264 Total investment $36,795 $28,900 $25,380 $31,543 Interest rate.05.05.05.05 Interest on herd investment $1,839.75 $1,445.00 $1,269.00 $1,577.15 Interest per cow per yeara 11.15 11.65 9.61 11.19 used. ainterest as calculated here differs slightly from that in Table 1 as a result of the procedure

12 Table 5. Comparison of Selected Output Factors, 47 Beef Calf Producers, Central Alabama Factor Unit Cost group Average Low Middle High all groups Calves born per cow No..89.88.65.83 Calf sales as proportion of brood cows Pct. 79.8 78.9 42.8 71.4 Calf sales as proportion of calves born Pct. 90.1 89.2 66.3 85.7 Average weight of calf sold Lb. 455 463 426 454 Average age of calf sold Mo. 8.0 8.0 8.4 8.0 Amount of beef sold per cow Lb. 364 365 182 324 The average high cost producer was increasing the number of animals available for breeding purposes more than the other two groups. Raised and purchased replacements per herd exceeded brood cow sales and death losses by an average of 13.2 animals. The average high cost producer raised 84 per cent of the replacements. The average middle and low cost producers increased the number of cows and replacements by 4.8 and 9.2 females respectively during the year. Raised replacements were 70 per cent of total replacements for the middle and 46 per cent for the low cost group. Net Returns Excluding a charge for land, 14 low cost producers, one middle cost producer, and none of the high cost producers had a positive net return to land and management. The middle cost producer who received a positive return for land and management reported selling his beef calves at an average price of $27.50 per hundredweight. Only two low cost

producers had a positive net return to management after land was charged at 5 per cent of its fair market value. 13 When cash expenses were defined to include fertilizer, feed costs other than pasture, purchases of cattle, veterinary and medical, marketing and property tax, the net return above cash expenses was $76.51 per brood cow for the low cost producers and $36.97 per brood cow for the middle cost producers, Table 6. The high cost producers, as an average, had a loss of $2..16 per brood cow with cash expenses considered. The average low cost producer was the only one with a net return above all expenses, excluding a land charge. Land Charge From July 1962 to July 1963, farmland in Alabama increased in value an average of 7 per cent. 6 With land appreciating in value, it was felt that beef calf producers should not be charged an interest cost for land. Based on the estimates from beef producers, the market value of land used for beef ranged from $40 to $1,500 per acre. Location was one of the major factors that contributed to high acre values in most cases. Generally, the closer the farm to a city, the higher the land value. With a land charge computed at 5 per cent of the estimated present market value, the range in land charge per hundredweight of market beef sold was as follows: 6 Farm Real Estate Market Developments, Economic Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, August, 1963, p. 34.

14 Table 6. Net Return per Farm as Reported by 47 Producers of Beef Calves, Central Alabama, 1962 Cost group Item Less than $25.00 to $35.00 $25.00 $34.99 per cwt. per cwt. per cwt. and over Number of farms Average number of brood cows Acres used for beef per farm Market beef sold per farm, cwt. Price received per cwt. for market beef Average cost per cwt. of market beef sold 17 165 648 599.6 23.17 $ 17.70 19 124 613 452.9 11 132 657 239.9 $ 23.93 $ 21.68 $ 29.24 $ 52.63 Cash receipts per farm: Market beef sales Breeding stock sales Inventory change Total credits per farm $13,891.41 1,550.06 2,417.35 $17,858.82 $10,839.79 2,007.73 -.. 626.58 $12,220.94 $ 5,165.55 1,000.91 $ 8,269.64 Expenses per farm: Cash expensesa Noncash expenses Purchases Total expenses per farm (excludes land charge) $ 5,235.01 6,621.87 2,546.29 $14,403.17 $. 6,631.00 6,361.89 1,632.11 $14,625.00 $.7,632.45 7,172.79 922.72 $15,727.96 Net return above cash expenses per farm Net return above cash expenses per brood cow Net return above cash expenses per cwt. of market beef sold $12,623.81 76.51 21.05 $ 4,584.41 36.97 10.12 $ -285.53-2.16-1.08 Net return expenses Net return expenses Net return per cwt. above total per farm above total per brood cow above total expenses of market beef sold $ 3,455.65 20.94 5.76 $-2,404.06-19.39-5.31 $-7,458.32-56.50-31.09 adoes not include cash expenses for tractor and machinery use, buildings, fences, and budgeted pasture costs.

15 Cost group Land charge per hundredweight Low $3.60- $43.10 Middle 4.40-20.80 High 2.10-31.20 Break-Even Point The break-even point in beef calf production is where net cost per cow equals total receipts per cow. Point A in Figure 2 represents the break-even point for the low cost group in Central Alabama when the price received for beef calves was $23 per hundredweight. The slope of the revenue line is determined by the ratio of per unit change in revenue to per unit change in output. All sales made above $63 per cow gave a profit for the low cost producers and all sales below this were made at a loss. The percentage that profits were of sales increased as sales increased beyond $63 per cow. If we assume that the same relationship existed on the sales and expense lines beyond $63, the percentage of profit to sales would become larger as volume continued to increase. This type of relationship provides a foundation for the idea that increased volume of production per cow is the key to increasing profits. Figure 3 illustrates the effect that varying prices received and output per cow have on the break-even point. As output and price received increase, the amount of profit increases. As costs per cow decline, the break-even point moves downward to the left as illustrated by A' to A and B' to B.

r 16 Dollars Expense Per Cow 100 80Q'~w i)-: ~ Average, all farms A e r aa v e r a g e, 60 60 r"- ~ r i -' jị P group low-cost 40 0 23 46 69 92 115 (100) (200) (300) (400) (500) Dollar Sales Per Cow (Pounds in Parenthesis) Fig. 2. Relationship of Varying Dollar Sales and Costs per Cow to the Break-even Point in Producing Beef Calves, 47 Producers, Central Alabama, 1962.

17 all farms 80 - A B C Average, low-cost 60 group 40 20 100 200 300 400 500 600 Pounds of Beef Sold Per Cow Fig. 3 Effect of Varying Prices Received and Production Per Cow on the Break-even Point in Producing Beef Calves, 47 Producers, Central Alabama, 1962.

18 NORTH ALABAMA PRODUCERS The North Alabama Area consisted of 21 counties. The area includes a portion of three broad farming areas, the Upper Coastal Plains, the Limestone Valleys, and the Appalachian Plateau. Valley soils are above average in inherent fertility. The Limestone or Tennessee Cotton, corn, and hay crops together occupy the majority of the harvested crop acreage in the Limestone and Tennessee Valley parts of North Alabama. 7 The Appalachian Plateau is commonly known as the Sand Mountain Area. Nearly all soils of the area are responsive to fertilizers and good management practices. Cotton is the major cash crop. Except for hogs and poultry, livestock is kept largely for home use. Soil types in the Upper Coastal Plains vary with most productive land generally being in the river terraces and flood plains. Cotton and corn occupy a majority of the harvested cropland. 8 The area included as North Alabama had 45,436 farms in 1959 with an average size of 104 acres per farm. The farms in the area had an average of 31 acres of pasture per farm. Woodland pastured was 38 per cent of the land pastured. Description of Farms The North Alabama sample of farms consisted of 26 beef calf producers with an average of 18 years experience in beef cattle production. 7 Ben T. Lanham, Jr., et al., Alabama Agriculture, Its Characteristics and Farming Areas, Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station, Bulletin No. 286, May, 1953, p. 102. 8 lbid. 9 United States Census of Agriculture, 1959, Alabama - Statistics for Counties, Vol. 1, Part 32, Bureau of the Census, U. S. Department of Commerce, Washington, D. C., County Table 1, pp. 130-135.

19 The average age of the producers was 49 years. Farming was the only source of income for 46 per cent of the producers. The 26 beef calf producers operated an average of 883 acres of farmland. Fifty per cent of the producers reported renting an average of 364 acres from others. Two producers rented land to farmers. An average of 270 acres of land was charged to beef by the 26 producers. This was land that provided the pasture, hay and forage crops for support of the beef enterprise. Corn and cotton were the most prevalent row crops. Seventeen producers reported raising an average of 81 acres of corn. Fifteen producers reported growing an average of 193 acres of cotton. Five producers reported growing soybeans. An average of 105 market hogs were produced by 11 farmers in the sample. One producer reported a 150-cow dairy. One layer flock of 1,000 birds was reported. The beef producers had an average of 63 beef brood cows. The range in size of herds was from 17 to 182 cows.10 Level of Costs Pasture was the major cost and averaged $48.47 per cow for all producers, Table 7. Pasture and feed costs accounted for about 67 per cent of the unadjusted cost per cow. Interest on investment in cattle was $12.23 per cow. Labor cost per cow was $8.18. Other costs accounted for 16 per cent of the unadjusted cost per cow with buildings being the 10 The sample consisted of 26 farms, however, 2 farmers had 300 and 350 cows and were eliminated from the analysis since they had over 29 per cent of the total cows involved.

20 Table 7. Itemized Costs per Brood Cow Reported by 24 Producers of Beef Calves, North Alabama, 1962 Cost group Item Less than $25.00 to $35.00 Average $25.00 $34.99 per cwt. all groups per cwt. per cwt. and over Number of farms 5 5 14 24 Average no, brood cows 51 44 75 67 Acres used for beef per farm 170 150 287 234 Cost per cow: Pasture $36.53 $ 45.17 $ 52.09 $ 48.47 Harvested foragea 8.96 19.44 22.48 19.76 Grain 6.66 17.19 10.60 10.88 Protein 6.32 6.36 4.62 5.15 Miscellaneous feed.98.43 1.90 1.53 Marketing 3.04 2.94 2.20 2.45 Buildings 4.57 5.14 11.10 9.14 Fencing 6.41 3.68 5.37 5.30 Health 1.21 1.38 2.21 1.92 Commission and insurance...09.02.03 Water.23.32.44.39 Property tax 1.12 1.17 1.31 1.26 Labor 5.86 7.11 8.98 8.18 Interest on beef animal investment 11.30 10.69 12.79 12.23 Feed processing.06.26 2.44 1.73 Subtotalb $93.25 $121.38 $138.55 $128.42 Less breeding stock sales, and change in inventory 58.17 23.46 30.12 33.91 Plus purchasesc 27.43 16.74 13.00 15.98 Adjusted total costs $62.51 $114.66 $121.43 $110.49 Pounds of beef marketed per cow 329 373 249 280 Cost per cwt. of beef soldb $18.99 $ 30.76 $ 48.76 $ 39.41 aincludes purchased hay. bexcludes land charge. cprimarily breeding stock.

21 largest item in this group. After crediting breeding stock sales and inventory change and adding the cost of purchases, the net cost per cow was $110.49 excluding a charge for land. The net cost per hundredweight of market beef sold was $39.41, excluding a charge for land. Input comparisons. The average cost per hundredweight of market beef sold was $18.99, $30.76 and $48.76 for the low, middle, and high cost groups, respectively. Variations in the amount and kind of inputs and variations in output accounted for the differences between the groups. The net cost per cow was $62.51, $114.66 and $121.43 for the low, middle, and high cost groups, respectively. Feed cost per cow accounted for the major difference between the low and middle cost groups, Table 8. Amounts of grain fed per cow accounted for over half the difference in feed costs; harvested forage cost accounted for the remaining difference in feed cost. The reason for the high harvested forage cost was that over 60 per cent of the hay fed by the middle cost producers was purchased. The difference in pasture cost per cow between low and middle cost groups was due to different types of pastures and the associated budgeted cost per acre, Table 9. The budget cost per acre for the low cost producers was lower as a result of using less expensive grasses and double cropping. Fertilizer cost per acre was approximately the same for the middle and low cost groups. Feed cost per cow accounted for about a third of the difference in gross cost per cow between the low and high cost groups. More hay and grain were fed by the high cost group while the low cost group fed more

22 Table 8. Average Amount of Feeds Fed Per Cow by 24 Beef Calf Producers, North Alabama, 1 9 6 2 a Cost group Average Item Unit Low Middle High all groups Producers No. 5 5 14 24 Feed: Corn Bu. 5.0 12.2 8.3 8.3 Hay Lb. 1,200 1,680 2,420 2,100 Crude proteinb Lb. 65.2 63.1 47.4 52.7 Feed cost c Dol. 22.92 43.42 39.60 37.32 aamounts fed are averages for the total fed by the group. blncludes protein from oil meals and range pellets only. CFeed cost includes the cost of salt, hulls, and other grains fed per cow. minerals, cobs and shucks, protein. The lower protein cost for the high cost producers was not sufficient to offset the higher harvested forage and grain cost. Pasture cost was $15.56 more per cow in the high cost group than in the low cost group. The high cost group had a higher fertilizer cost per acre which accounted for over 50 per cent of the difference in pasture cost. (The difference in fertilizer cost per acre between the low and high cost group was not statistically significant, t = 1.777 with 17 d.f.) The amount of fenced woodland accounted for the differences in fencing cost. Woodland fenced for beef was highest in the low cost group, 4.8 acres as compared to.4 and 2.8 acres in the middle and high cost groups, respectively. The hours of labor used for feeding and handling the beef herd were highest in the high cost group. The average hours of labor per cow

23 Table 9. Kinds of Pasture and Hay Used in Producing Beef Calves, 24 Producers, North Alabama, 1962 Cost group Average Item Unit Low Middle High all groups Producers No. 5 5 14 24 Proportion of land for beef: Native grasses Pct. 17.3 5.6 37.7 30.2 Fescue and fescue with combinations Pct. 27.9 24.2 26.9 26.3 Temporary Pct. 9.9 17.7 20.5 18.4 Other crops Pct. 44.9 52.5 14.9 25.1 Land double cropped, hay and grazing or grazing and seed Pct. 24.5 8.8 7.2 9.7 Pasture per cow Acre 2.9 3.0 3.3 3.2 Land charged to beef per cow Acre 3.3 3.4 3.8 3.7 Temporary crops per cowa Acre.31.61.91.71 Pasture cost per cow Dol. 36.53 45.17 52.09 48.47 alncludes silage crops raised by two producers. were 10.8, 13.2 and 17.2 for the low, middle and high cost groups, respectively. There was no significant correlation (r =-.200) between the hours of labor per cow and the size of herd. Labor cost per cow including buying and selling labor was $5.86, $7.11 and $8.98 for the low, middle and high cost groups, respectively. The high cost producers placed a higher value per head on their cattle than the other two groups, Table 10. The interest per cow on beef animal investment was $12.79 for the high cost group as compared to $11.30 and $10.69 for the low and middle cost groups, respectively. Output comparisons. The middle cost group sold the most pounds of beef per cow, Table 11. However, the low cost producers, as an average,

Table 10. Average Beef Cattle Inventory of 24 Beef Calf Producers, North Alabama, 1962 Costroup Aver Low Middleigh _all gr Item Value Value Value Value No. Per Per No. Per Per No. Per Per No. Pe head farm head farm head farm he Farms 5 5 14 24 Cattle per farm: Cows 51 $143 $ 7,293 44 $141 $ 6,204 75 $185 $13,875 63 $17 Bulls 2 363 726 2 281 562 3 389 1,167 2 36372 Replacements 10 120 1,200 2 93' 186 9 130 1,170 8 125 1,0 Raised calves 32 71 2,272 40 62.. _ 80 40 73 2,920 38 7,6 Total investment $11,491 $ 9,432 $19,132$122 Interest rate.0.05.05.05 Interest on herd investment $574.55 $471.60 $956.60$710 Interest per cow per yeara $ 11.27 $ 10.72 $ 12.75 $20 alnterest cedure used. as calculated here differs slightly from that in Table 7 as a result of the pro-

25 Table 11. Comparison of Selected Output Factors for 24 Beef Calf Producers, North Alabama, 1962 Cost group Average Factor Unit Low Middle High all groups Calves born per cow No. 1.00.93.78.84 Calf sales as proportion of brood cows Pct. 64.4 78.4 53.9 59.2 Calf sales as proportion of calves born Pct. 64.6 84.7 68.9 70.5 Average weight of calf sold Lb. 510 475 462 473 Average age of calf sold Mo. 8.5 8.6 8.3 8.4 Amount of beef sold per cow Lb. 329 373 249 280 sold the heaviest calves, an average of 510 pounds per calf compared to 475 pounds for the middle cost producers. Low-cost producers had more calves born per cow. The high cost producers had the lowest sales per cow, sold the lightest calves, and had the smallest calf crop or number of calves born per brood cow. The low cost producers sold a lower percentage of calves born because of two main factors: (1) they held more raised replacements, and (2) they had higher death losses. The low cost producers had an average inventory of 10 replacements for 51 brood cows; whereas, the middle cost producers had 2 replacements for 44 brood cows. Assuming the same ratio of purchases to increase in inventory as in the middle cost group, the low cost producers had a credit of $19.73 more per cow than the middle cost producers. The increase in inventory was partially attributed to an increase in the number of replacements and raised calves along with an increase in their value. The high cost producers had an

26 increase in inventory of $18.22 more per cow than the middle cost producers using the same assumption. Calf death losses were highest in the high cost group, 3.9 per cent of the calves born. The low and middle cost group had calf death losses of 2.3 and 1.5 per cent, respectively. Net Returns Four of the five low cost producers had a positive net return to land and management. None of the middle and high cost producers had a positive net return to land and management in 1962. One producer had a positive net return to management with a land charge calculated at 5 per cent of the estimated present market value as reported by the producers. As an average, all producers covered cash expenses, Table 12. If value is an indication of quality, the high cost producers were producing the highest quality calves of all three groups. The average value of a brood cow was $185 per head for the high cost group and $143 and $141 in the low and middle cost groups. The average price received for beef calves sold was $25.44 per hundredweight in the high cost group compared to $21.24 and $21.20 in the low and middle cost groups. Land Charge The land charge per hundredweight of market beef sold, computed at 5 per cent of the estimated present market value, was as follows: Cost groups Land charge per hundredweight Low $3.80 - $31.20 Middle 3.10-13.90 High 4.60-45.60

27 Table 12. Net Return Per Farm as Reported by 24 North Alabama, 1962 Producers of Beef Calves, Cost grout Item Less than $25.00 to $35.00 $25.00 $34.99 per cwt. per cwt. per cwt. and over Number of farms Average number of brood cows Acres used for beef per farm Market beef sold per farm, cwt. Price received per cwt. of market beef sold Average cost per cwt. of market beef sold 5 51 170 169.2 $ 21.24 18.99 5 44 150 162.6 14 75 287 185.7 21.20 $ 25.24 30.76 48.76 Cash receipts per farm: Market beef sales Breeding stock sales Inventory change Total credits per farm $3,594.60 945.00 2 045.00 $6,584.60 $ 3,446.00 595.00 428.00 $ 4,469.00 $ 4,725.00 794.86 1,451.07 $ 6,970.93 Expenses per farm: Cash expensesa Noncash expenses Purchases Total expenses per farm (excludes land charge) $2,234.75 2,558.11 1,410.00 $6,202.86 $ 2,916.90 2,375.28 730.00 $ 6,022.18 $ 5,025.24 5,306.53 969.64 $11,301.41 Net return above cash expenses per farm Net return above cash expenses per brood cow Net return above cash expenses per cwt. of market beef sold $2,939.85 57.64 17.38 $ 822.10 $ 976.05 18.68 13.01 5.06 5.26 Net return above total expenses per farm Net return above total expenses per brood cow Net return above total expenses per cwt. of market beef sold $ 381.74 7.49 2.26 $-1,553.18-35.30-9.55 $-4,330.48-57.74-23.32 adoes not include cash expenses for tractor and machinery use, buildings, fences, and budgeted pasture costs.

The estimated present market value of land used for beef production 28 ranged from $50 to $500 per acre. Eighty-three per cent of the producers stated that land used for beef production had doubled or more than doubled in value since purchase. Location of farms influenced the value of the land. Farms located in populous areas or rapidly growing areas tended to have higher land values. SOUTH ALABAMA PRODUCERS The South Alabama Area consisted of the Lower Coastal Plains section of the State. The soils of the area were formed by marine dew posits. These deposits weathered to form the soils that are now present. Most of the soils are gray to red sandy loams or loamy sands. Production of peanuts, corn, cotton, and hogs constitute the major farming enterprises, except in the Gulf Coast Area where potatoes, soybeans, corn, dairying, poultry, and hogs are important enterprises. Production of timber products and extensive grazing are important, particularly in southwestern Alabama.11 The area (22 counties) had 34,802 farms with an average of 168 acres per farm in 1960. The farms, as an average, had 70 acres of pastured land. Woodland pastured was 60 per cent of the total pastured land. 12 1 1 Ben T. Lanham, Jr., et al., Alabama Agriculture, Its Characteristics and Farming Areas, Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station, Bulletin No. 286, May 1953, p. 14. 1 2 United States Census of Agriculture, 1959, Alabama - Statistics for Counties, Vol. 1, Part 32, Bureau of the Census, U. S. Department of Commerce, Washington, D. C., County Table 1, pp. 130-135.

29 Description of Farms The South Alabama sample consisted of 43 beef calf producers with an average of 19 years experience in beef cattle production. The average age of the producers was 49. Twenty-three per cent of the farmers in the sample reported farming as the only source of income. Forty-one of the producers owned an average of 668 acres per farm. Another producer rented all the farmland operated, while another producer owned 50,000 acres. About 37 per cent of the producers rented an average of 280 acres from other landowners. Six producers reported renting an average of 152 acres to other farmers. The average size farm operated was 737 acres with 236 acres used for beef. Cotton and corn were the crops raised most frequently. Eighteen producers reported an average of 47 acres of cotton and 26 producers reported an average of 70 acres of corn. Six producers reported raising 134 acres of peanuts, as an average. Three producers raised an average of 80 acres of soybeans. Ten producers reported commercial hog enterprises. The average size beef herd consisted of 72 brood cows, 3 bulls, 13 replacements and 38 calves. The range in size of herd was from 10 to 310 brood cows. Level of Costs The net cost per cow for the area was $102.95, Table 13. Before credits for breeding stock sales and inventory change were considered, pasture cost accounted for 38.4 per cent of the cost per cow. Feed costs were 32.4 per cent of the cost per cow. Pasture and feed costs were 70.8 per cent of the costs per cow before adjustments. Buildings, fencing, and marketings were only 10 per cent of the costs per cow before

30 Table 13. Itemized Costs per Brood Cow as Reported by 43 Producers of Beef Calves, South Alabama, 1962 Less than Cost grou $25.00 to $35.00 Average Item $25.00 $34.99 per cwt. all groups per cwt. per cwt. and over Number of farms Average no. brood cows Acres used for beef per farm Cost per cow: Pasture Harvested foragea Grain Protein Miscellaneous feed Marketing Buildings Fencing Health Commission and insurance Water Property tax Labor Interest on beef animal investment Feed processing Subtotal b Less breeding stock sales, and change in inventory Plus purchasesc Adjusted total costsb Pounds of beef marketed per cow Cost per cwt. of beef soldb 10 88 163 $30.64 6.24 12.34 8.64 4.41 3.37 2.60 3.07 1.26.29.63 5.39 10.78.94 $90.60 17.67 5.27 13 79 244 $ 45.91 11.39 16.55 9.10 1.85 3.29 3.97 4.17.99.90.30 1.05 5.02 12.16 1.54 $118.19 17.83 4.36 20 56 285 $ 56.66 14.07 20.35 7.82 1.19 2.38 5.70 6.86 1.96.63 1.55 10.04 10.13 1.27 $140.61 30.94 10.33 43 72 236 $ 45.63 10.93 16.79 8.48 2.33 2.97 4.24 4.88 1.43.30.42 1.12 7.04 11.00 1.27 $118.83 22.77 6.89 $78.20 $104.72 $120.00 $102.95 348 343 264 315 $22.45 $ 30.50 $ 45.39 $ 32.70 ~~I alncludes purchased hay. bexcludes land charge. cprimarily breeding stock.

31 adjustments. The average cost per hundredweight of beef sold was $32.70 with pasture and feed costs accounting for $26.74 of this total prior to adjustments for breeding stock sales and inventory changes. Input comparisons. Variations in inputs per cow account for the major difference in cost between the low and middle cost groups. Variations in both output and inputs per cow account for the difference between the low and high cost groups. The cost per hundredweight of beef sold, excluding a charge for land, was $22.45, $30.50 and $45.39 for the low, middle, and high cost groups, respectively. Pasture cost per cow accounted for $15.27 of the $27.59 difference in total cost per cow between the low and middle cost producers. The low cost producers held pasture cost lower by using less expensive pastures and a heavier stocking rate, Table 14. Fertilizer cost per acre was approximately the same for all three groups. The low cost Wiregrass Area producers of the South Alabama sample had a more intensive farming pattern than the low cost producers from the South Central and Southwestern Coastal plains. The Wiregrass producers depended more on temporary crops but had a heavier stocking rate per acre to offset the higher cost of temporary crops13 Pasture costs accounted for $26.02 of the $50.01 difference between the low and high cost producers. The high cost producers had a lower cost per acre based on budgets used for pastures but the lower stocking rate per acre tended to increase pasture costs per cow. 1 3 Forty per cent of the low cost producers, none of the middle cost producers, and 10 per cent of the high cost producers were in the Wiregrass farming area.

Table 14. Major Kinds of Pasture Used, Stocking Rates and Related Factors for 43 Beef Calf Producers, South Alabama, 1962 32 Item Unit Cost group Average Low Middle High all groups Producers No. 10 13 20 43 Proportion of acreage: Bahia alone and bahia with combinations Pct. 31.8 25.0 41.7 34.8 Native grasses and native grasses plus clover Pct. 20.0 17.8 35.2 27.1 Temporary crops Pet. 22.3 28.3 13.2 19.5 Othersa Pct. 25.9 28.9 9.9 18.6 Land double cropped, hay and grazing, and hay and seed Pct. 19.1 11.8 11.5 13.0 Temporary crops per cow Acre.52.91.63.69 Pasture per cow Acre 2.2 3.0 4.7 3.4 Land charged to beef per cow Acre 1.8 3.1 4.6 3.3 Pasture cost per cow Dol. 30.64 45.91 56.66 45.63 aothers included Coastal bermudagra.ss, johnsongrass, and combinations of these. fescue, clovers, dallisgrass, Fertilizer cost per acre was approximately the same for the low and high cost groups. The low cost producer had a lower cost per ton of harvested forages (hay) because of higher yields per acre. One producer in the low cost group elected to feed peanut hulls and no hay thereby raising the miscellaneous feed cost and lowering the harvested forage cost. The middle and high cost producers fed more grain per cow, primarily corn, Table 15, and this accounted for over 50 per cent of the difference in feed cost per cow between these two groups. Interest on beef animal investment was a major cost per cow. If value per head is used as an indication of quality, the low cost producers

33 Table 15. Feeds Fed Per Cow by 43 Beef Calf Producers, South Alabama, 1 9 6 2 a Cost group Average Item Unit Low Middle High all groups Producers No. 10 13 20 43 Amount fed per cow: Corn Bu. 8.6 11.1 14.0 11.5 Hay Lb. 1,145 1,174 1,432 1,264 Crude proteinb Lb. 79.0 88.9 66.3 77.5 Feed cost per cowc Dol. 31.63 38.89 43.43 38.53 aamounts fed are averages for the total fed by the group. Includes crude protein from oil meals and range pellets only. CFeed cost includes the cost of salt, minerals, cobs and shucks, hulls and other grains fed per cow. had the highest quality brood cows, Table 16. The middle cost producers placed a higher value per head on the bulls used for breeding purposes. Replacement cattle in herds of high cost producers were the highest in value per head for all three groups. Labor cost per cow was almost twice as great for the high cost group as for each of the other groups. Hours of labor for feeding and handling cattle averaged 10.5, 9.6, and 18.7 for the low, middle, and high cost producers, respectively. Buying and selling labor cost per cow was $0.14, $0.22, and $0.69 for the low, middle, and high cost producers. No relationship (r = -. 109) between number of cows and hours of labor used per cow was found as a result of correlating these two variables. Output comparisons. Pounds of beef sold per cow averaged 348, 343, and 264 for the low, middle, and high cost producers, respectively,

Table 16. Average Number of Beef Cattle, Value, and Interest Charge, 43 Beef Calf Producers, South Alabama, 1962 Cost group Average Low Middle High all groups Item Value Value Value Value No. Per Per No. Per Per No. Per Per No. Per Per head farm head farm head farm head farm Farms 10 13 20 43 Cattle per farm: Cows 88 $155 $13,640 79 $145 $11,455 56 $125 $ 7,000 72 $140 $10,080 Bulls 3 400 1,200 3 525 1,575 2 320 640 3 410 1,230 Replacements 12 110 1,320 14 140 1,960 13 145 1,885 13 137 1,781 Raised calves 43 64 2,752 48 85 4,080 30 70 2,100 38 75 2,850 Total investment $18,912 $19,070 $11,625 $15,941 Interest rate.05.05.05,05 Interest on herd investment $945.60 $953.50 $581.25 $797.05 Interest per cow per yeara 10.75 12.06 10.38 11.07 used. alnterest as calculated here differs slightly from that in Tablel13 as a result of procedure w.

35 Table 17. The middle cost group, as an average, sold the heaviest calf, 506 pounds, as compared to 462 and 454 pounds for the low and high cost groups. The pounds of beef sold per cow varied because of death losses, number of raised replacements and the percentage calf crop. Calf death losses were highest in the high cost group, 2.6 per cent of calves born, as compared to 1.0 per cent and 2.0 per cent for the low and middle cost groups. Table 17. Comparison of Selected Output Factors, 43 Beef Calf Producers, South Alabama, 1962 Cost g Average Factor Unit Low Middle High all groups Calves born per cow No..87.85.82.84 Calf sales as proportion of brood cows Pct. 75 68 57 66 Calf sales as proportion of calves born Pct. 87 80 70 78 Average weight of calf sold Lb. 462 506 454 477 Average age of calf sold Mo. 8.1 9.9 7.7 8.5 Amount of beef sold per cow Lb. 348 343 264 315 All groups were increasing herd size as a result of holding raised replacements. The average low cost producer increased herd size during 1962 by only 2 females; whereas, the average middle and high cost producer increased herd size by 10 and 9 females, respectively. The low cost producers appeared to be following a more rigid culling program with brood cows.

36 Net Returns Five low cost producers had a positive net return to land and management. Three low cost producers had a positive net return to management after land was charged at 5 per cent of its fair market value as reported by producers. None of the middle or high cost producers had a positive net return to management even though no land charge was included. The average low and middle cost producer covered all cash expenses, Table 18. The net return above cash expenses for the average low cost producer was $44.01 per cow and $29.99 per cow for the average middle cost producer. The average high cost producer had a loss of $0.16 per cow over cash expenses. Net return above total expenses, excluding land, was low, averaging only $4.25 per cow for the low cost producers. Land Charge With a land charge computed at 5 per cent of the estimated present market value, the range in land charge per hundredweight of market beef sold was as follows: Cost group Land charge per hundredweight Low $1.40 - $10.20 Middle 1.60-9.00 High 2.80-20.80 Land values varied tremendously among groups. The range in the estimated present market value of land used for beef production was $50 to $300 per acre. Over 90 per cent of the operators reported the land used for beef at a higher value than the acquisition price. Over 60 per cent of the producers reported that the land had more than doubled in

37 Table 18. Net Return per Farm as Reported by 43 Producers of Beef Calves, South Alabama, 1962 Cost group Item Less than $25.00 to $35.00 $25.00 $34.99 per cwt. per cwt. per cwt. and over Number of farms Average number of brood cows Acres used for beef per farm Market beef sold per farm, cwt. Price received per cwt. of market beef sold Average cost per cwt. of market beef sold 10 88 163 307.6 $ 23.67 13 79 244 272.1 $ 22.45 $ 30.50 20 56 285 155.2 $ 22.19 $ 21.49 45.39 Cash receipts per farm: Market beef sales Breeding stock sales Inventory change Total credits per farm $7,279.60 1,256.00 304.50 $8,840.10 $ 6,035.92 586.15 826.92 $ 7,448.99 $ 3,335.55 674.90 1,141.50 $ 5,151.95 Expenses per farm: Cash expensesa Noncash expenses Purchases Total expenses per farm (excludes land charge) $4,502.45 3,498.60 465.00 $8,466.05 $ 4,734.53 4,630.12 345.38 $ 9,710.03 $ 4,554.41 3,699.45 606.50 $ 8,860.36 Net return above cash expenses per farm Net return above cash expenses per brood cow Net return above cash expenses per cwt. of market beef sold $3,872.65 44.01 12.59 $ 2,369.08 29.99 8.71-8.96.16 -.06 Net return above total expenses per farm Net return above total expenses per brood cow Net return above total expenses per cwt. of market beef sold $ 374.05 $-2,261.04 4.25-28.62 1.22-8.31 $-3,708.41-66.22-23.89 adoes not include cash expenses for tractor and machinery use, buildings, fences and budgeted pasture costs.