Chapter 05 ACCOUNTING FOR MERCHANDISING OPERATIONS PowerPoint Authors: Susan Coomer Galbreath, Ph.D., CPA Charles W. Caldwell, D.B.A., CMA Jon A. Booker, Ph.D., CPA, CIA Cynthia J. Rooney, Ph.D., CPA McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright 2011 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
5-2 C 1 SERVICE COMPANIES Service organizations sell time to earn revenue. Examples: Accounting firms, law firms and plumbing services
5-3 C 1 MERCHANDISER Merchandising Companies Manufacturer Wholesaler Retailer Consumers
C 1 REPORTING INCOME FOR A MERCHANDISER 5-4 Merchandising companies sell products to earn revenue. Examples: sporting goods, clothing, and auto parts stores
C 2 OPERATING CYCLE FOR A MERCHANDISER Begins with the purchase of merchandise and ends with the collection of cash from the sale of merchandise. 5-5
5-6 C 2 INVENTORY SYSTEMS
5-7 C 2 INVENTORY SYSTEMS Perpetual systems continually update accounting records for merchandising transactions Periodic systems accounting records relating to merchandise transactions are updated only at the end of the accounting period
5-8 P1 MERCHANDISE PURCHASES On November 2, Z-Mart purchased $1,200 of merchandise inventory for cash.
5-9 P1 TRADE DISCOUNTS Used by manufacturers and wholesalers to offer better prices for greater quantities purchased. Example Z-Mart offers a 30% trade discount for orders of 1,000 units or more on its popular product Racer. Each Racer has a list price of $5.25. Quantity sold 1,000 Price per unit $ 5.25 Total 5,250 Less 30% discount (1,575) Invoice price $ 3,675
5-10 P1 ACCOUNTING FOR MERCHANDISE PURCHASES
5-11 P1 PURCHASE DISCOUNTS A deduction from the invoice price granted to induce early payment of the amount due.
5-12 P1 PURCHASE DISCOUNTS 2/10,n/30 Discount Percent Number of Days Discount Is Available Otherwise, Net (or All) Is Due in 30 Days Credit Period
5-13 P1 PURCHASE DISCOUNTS On November 2, Z-Mart purchased $1,200 of merchandise inventory on account, credit terms are 2/10, n/30.
5-14 P1 PURCHASE DISCOUNTS On November 12, Z-Mart paid the amount due on the purchase of November 2.
5-15 P1 PURCHASE DISCOUNTS After we post these entries, the accounts involved look like these:
5-16 P1 PURCHASE RETURNS AND ALLOWANCES Purchase Return... Merchandise returned by the purchaser to the supplier. Purchase Allowance... A reduction in the cost of defective or unacceptable merchandise received by a purchaser from a supplier.
5-17 P1 PURCHASE RETURNS AND ALLOWANCES On November 15, Z-Mart (buyer) issues a $300 debit memorandum for an allowance from Trex for defective merchandise.
5-18 P1 PURCHASE RETURNS AND ALLOWANCES Z-Mart purchases $1,000 of merchandise on June 1 with terms 2/10, n/60. Two days later, Z-Mart returns $100 of goods before paying the invoice. When Z-Mart later pays on June 11, it takes the 2% discount only on the $900 remaining balance.
P1 TRANSPORTATION COSTS AND OWNERSHIP TRANSFER 5-19
5-20 P1 TRANSPORTATION COSTS Z-Mart purchased merchandise on terms of FOB shipping point. The transportation charge is $75.
5-21 P1 ACCOUNTING FOR MERCHANDISE
P2 ACCOUNTING FOR MERCHANDISE SALES 5-22
5-23 P2 SALES OF MERCHANDISE Each sales transaction for a seller of merchandise involves two parts: Revenue received in the form of an asset from a customer. Recognition of the cost of merchandise sold to a customer.
5-24 P2 SALES OF MERCHANDISE On November 3, Z-Mart sold $2,400 of merchandise on credit. The merchandise has a cost basis to Z-Mart of $1,600.
5-25 P2 SALES DISCOUNTS Sales discounts on credit sales can benefit a seller by decreasing the delay in receiving cash and reducing future collection efforts.
5-26 P2 SALES DISCOUNTS Z-Mart completes a $1,000 credit sale with terms of 2/10, n/60. The account was paid in full within the 60-day period. The account was paid in full within the 10-day discount period.
5-27 P2 SALES RETURNS AND ALLOWANCES Sales returns and allowances usually involve dissatisfied customers and the possibility of lost future sales. Sales returns refer to merchandise that customers return to the seller after a sale. Sales allowances refer to reductions in the selling price of merchandise sold to customers.
5-28 P2 SALES RETURNS AND ALLOWANCES Recall Z-Mart s sale for $2,400 that had a cost of $1,600. Assume the customer returns part of the merchandise. The returned items sell for $800 and cost $600. Sales Returns and Allowances is a Contra Account subtracted from sales Defective inventory valued at estimated value not its cost
5-29 P2 SALES ALLOWANCES Assume that $800 of the merchandise Z-Mart sold on November 3 is defective but the buyer decides to keep it because Z-Mart offers a $100 price reduction. Sales Allowance
5-30 P2 MERCHANDISING COST FLOW IN THE ACCOUNTING CYCLE Beginning inventory Net purchases Period 1 Merchandise available for sale Ending inventory Beginning inventory Cost of goods sold Net purchases To Income Statement To Balance Sheet Period 2 Merchandise available for sale Ending inventory Cost of goods sold To Income Statement To Balance Sheet
P3 ADJUSTING ENTRIES FOR MERCHANDISERS 5-31 A merchandiser using a perpetual inventory system is usually required to make an adjustment to update the Merchandise Inventory account to reflect any loss of merchandise, including theft and deterioration. Z-Mart s Merchandise Inventory account at the end of year 2011 has a balance of $21,250, but a physical count reveals that only $21,000 of inventory exists. Inventory Shrinkage difference of physical count and recorded inventory
P3 CLOSING ENTRIES FOR MERCHANDISERS 5-32
5-33 P4 A multiple-step income statement format shows detailed computations of net sales and other costs and expenses, and reports subtotals for various classes of items.
5-34 P4 SINGLE-STEP INCOME STATEMENT
5-35 CLASSIFIED BALANCE SHEET Highly Liquid Less Liquid
5-36 GLOBAL VIEW Accounting for Merchandise Purchases and Sales Both U.S. GAAP and IFRS include broad and similar guidance for the accounting of merchandise purchases and sales. Financial Statement Differences 1. Order of expenses 2. Separate disclosures 3. Presentation of expenses 4. Classification of operating and nonoperating expenses 5. Alternative measures of income 6. Order of current and noncurrent items on the balance sheet
5-37 A1 ACID-TEST RATIO Acid-Test Ratio = Quick Assets Current Liabilities Acid-Test Ratio = Cash + S-T Investments + Receivables Current Liabilities A common rule of thumb is the acid-test ratio should have a value of at least 1.0 to conclude a company is unlikely to face liquidity problems in the near future.
5-38 A2 GROSS MARGIN RATIO Gross Margin Ratio = Net Sales - Cost of Goods Sold Net Sales Percentage of dollar sales available to cover expenses and provide a profit.
5-39 A1/A2 JCPENNEY
5-40 P5 APPENDIX 5A: PERIODIC INVENTORY SYSTEM (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) A periodic inventory system requires updating the inventory account only at the end of a period to reflect the quantity and cost of both the goods available and the goods sold.
5-41 P5 APPENDIX 5A: PERIODIC INVENTORY SYSTEM
5-42 P5 APPENDIX 5B: WORKSHEET PERPETUAL SYSTEM
END OF CHAPTER 05 5-43