Howida Kamal, Ph.D Ass. Prof. of Pharmaceutics, Cairo University
Dosage forms Sterile Free from all forms of microbial life (vegetative & sporing) Free from pathogens Non-sterile Extent of total bioburden
Dosage forms Sterile Injections (parentrals) Ophthalmic Products Non-sterile All other routes of administration
Dosage forms Solid Liquid Semi-solid Powder Suppository Pessary Inserts Sponges Microparticles Nanoparticles Liposomes Films Solution Suspension Emulsion Microemulsion Nanoemulsion Nanosuspension In-situ gels Cream Ointment Paste Gel
Dosage forms Solid Liquid Semi-solid Advantages *Easy to use *Suitable for most routes of administration *Fast onset of action Disadvantages *Need for dose measurement *Short duration of action *Bulky to carry and store *Liability of drugs to degradation *Liable to microbial growth
Dosage forms Solid Liquid Semi-solid Advantages *Accurate dose *Easier to carry and store *More drug stability *No preservation requirements *Suitable for fast and extended drug release Disadvantages *Not for all routes of administration *Less convenient for administration for some patients *More complex and expensive manufacture
Liquid Dosage forms Solution Suspension Emulsion
Liquid Dosage forms Solution Suspension Emulsion Suspending agent O/W W/O
Liquid Dosage forms Solution Suspension Emulsion Deflocculated Flocculated
Liquid Dosage forms Solution Suspension Emulsion
Liquid Dosage forms Solution Suspension Emulsion Advantages *Dose uniformity *Easy to prepare *Suitable for all routes of adminstration *Fast onset of action *Easy to use Disadvantages *Not for insoluble drugs *Not for oral bitter drugs *Short duration of action *Bulky to carry *Liability of drugs to degradation *Need for dose measurement *Liable to microbial growth
Liquid Dosage forms Solution Suspension Emulsion Advantages *For insoluble drugs *For bitter drugs *Longer duration of action *Better chemical stability *Suitable for most routes of administration *Easy to use Disadvantages *Risk of dose variation *More difficult to prepare *Physical instability issues *Bulky to carry *Need for dose measurement *Liable to microbial growth
Liquid Dosage forms Solution Suspension Emulsion Advantages *For insoluble drugs *For bitter drugs *More chemical drug stability *Longer duration of action *Improved absorption *Suitable for most routes of administration *Easy to use Disadvantages *More difficult to prepare *Physical instability *Risk of rancidity *Bulky to carry *Need for dose measurement *Liable to microbial growth
Liquid Dosage forms Solution Excepients: Solvent Solubilizing agents Preservatives Antioxidants Buffer Sweetening agents Flavoring agents Coloring agent Suspension Excepients: Suspension medium Suspending agents Wetting agents Viscosity adjusters Preservatives Antioxidants Buffer Sweetening agents Coloring agent Emulsion Excepients: Aqueous solvent Oily phase Emulsifying agents Preservatives
Liquid Dosage forms Solution Suspension Emulsion Aqueous Non aqueous Oily Injections Hydroalcoholic Elixirs
Liquid Dosage forms Solution Suspension Emulsion Aqueous Oily
Liquid Dosage forms Solution Suspension Emulsion W/O O/W
Liquid Dosage forms Solution Suspension Emulsion Liquid Semi-solid Ointment Suppository
Liquid Dosage forms Solution Suspension Emulsion Liquid Semi-solid cream ointment
Solid Dosage forms Used as powder To be reconstituted Solution Suspension
Solid Dosage forms Bulk powder Divided powders
Solid Dosage forms Aggregates of powdered materials (2-4 mm) To be reconstituted
Solid Dosage forms Conventional release Controlled release Extended Delayed (enteric)
Solid Dosage forms
Solid Dosage forms
Solid Dosage forms Tablet Compression
Solid Dosage forms Multilayer tablets
Solid Dosage forms Coated tablets
Solid Dosage forms Coated tablets Sugar coat Film coat
Solid Dosage forms Conventional Orodispersible Chewable Soluble Effervescent Controlled release Extended Delayed (enteric)
Solid Dosage forms Hard gelatin Soft gelatin
Solid Dosage forms Hard gelatin Soft gelatin
Solid Dosage forms Conventional release Controlled release Extended Delayed (enteric)
Solid Dosage forms
Solid Dosage forms Rectal Vaginal (Pessaries) Urethral
Solid Dosage forms Dissolve Melt Disintegrate
Solid Dosage forms Advantages *Dissolve and disperse more readily *For bulk amounts of drugs *Accurate dose (divided) *Easier to carry and store *More drug stability *No preservation requirements Disadvantages *Poor flowability *Hygroscopic *Ability to cake *Not for all routes of administration
Solid Dosage forms Advantages *Good flowability *For large amounts of drugs *More stable against moisture and caking Disadvantages *Easier to be wetted *Not for all routes of *Accurate dose (divided) administration *Easier to carry and store *More drug stability, *No preservation requirements *Suitable for fast and extended drug release
Solid Dosage forms Advantages *Accurate dose *Easier to carry and store *More drug stability *No preservation requirements *Suitable for fast and extended drug release *Mask bad taste of drugs Disadvantages *Slow onset of action compared to liquids *Not for all routes of administration *Less convenient for administration for some patients
Solid Dosage forms Advantages *Faster action than tablets *Easier to swallow *For solid, semisolid and liquid drugs *Accurate dose, *More drug stability *Easier to carry and store *No preservation requirements *Suitable for fast and extended drug release *Mask bad taste of drugs Disadvantages
Solid Dosage forms Advantages Disadvantages *Slow onset of action compared to liquids *Not for all routes of administration *Less convenient for administration for some patients *More complex and expensive manufacture
Solid Dosage forms Excepients: Fillers (diluents) Lubricant Sweetening agents Flavoring agents Coloring agent
Solid Dosage forms Excepients: Fillers (diluents) Lubricant Binders Sweetening agents Flavoring agents Coloring agent
Solid Dosage forms Excepients: Fillers (diluents) Lubricant Binders Disintegrants Sweetening agents Flavoring agents Coloring agent
Solid Dosage forms Excepients: Fillers (diluents) Lubricant Sweetening agents Flavoring agents Coloring agent
Solid Dosage forms Cocoa butter Glycerinated gelatin Polyethylene glycol Surfactant
Semi-solid Dosage forms Cream Ointment Paste Gel W/O emulsion O/W emulsion
Semi-solid Dosage forms Cream Ointment Paste Gel Hydrocarbon base Absorption base Water removable base Water soluble base
Semi-solid Dosage forms Cream Ointment Paste Thicker, stiffer and less penetrating than ointments Gel aqueous fatty
Semi-solid Dosage forms Cream Ointment Paste Gel Organic macromolecules uniformly distributed in a liquid