Primary questions: How can be one solid layer formed? z How can two layers be adhered? x y Process requirement (functional): FR1: create one solid layer. FR2: glue two consecutive layers in the deposit direction (z-axis).
Process principle for FR1 (make one layer of solids): Air -based -based -based Opportunity of innovation Frost Snow
Process principle for FR1 (make one layer of solids): Principle??? Physics, Chemistry, Biology or their combination such as bio-physics, biochemistry, physics-chemistry s X is a restricted set of materials only For the liquid state of a certain material X, the freezing effect can allow the liquid to solidify. That is, to drop cold droplet on the liquid material, and the liquid solidifies to a solid.
Process principle for FR1 (make one layer of solids): Principle??? s Physics, Chemistry, Biology or their combination such as bio-physics, biochemistry, physics-chemistry X is a restricted set of materials For the liquid state of a certain material X, photo-resistive to UV light, can allow the liquid to solidify. That is, to have a mask covering the material such that the materials exposed to UV light will remain as a solid.
Process principle for FR1 (make one layer of solids): Principle??? Physics, Chemistry, Biology or their combination such as bio-physics, biochemistry, physics-chemistry s Y a restricted set of materials For the powder state of a certain material Y, there is a physical principle called heat-fusion to bind two particles. However, not all materials are heat-fusible.
Process principle for FR1 (make one layer of solids): Principle??? s Physics, Chemistry, Biology or their combination such as bio-physics, biochemistry, physics-chemistry Y is a restricted set of materials For the powder state of a certain material Y, there is a physical principle which is like welding with fillers to bind two particles. That is, a bond materials are shot on the layer of the material, and the powers glue to solid. However, not all materials are bondable in this way.
Process principle for FR1 (make one layer of solids): Principle??? Physics, Chemistry, Biology or their combination such as bio-physics, biochemistry, physics-chemistry s Z is a restricted set of materials For the sheet state of a certain material Z, there is a physical principle that the sheet is cut by an energy beam such as laser. As such, a solid (i.e., sheet) can be formed, and then another layer of sheet.
Process principle for FR1 (make one layer of solids): 3D Printing Principle??? Physics, Chemistry, Biology or their combination such as bio-physics, biochemistry, physics-chemistry s W is a restricted set of materials For the liquid state of a certain material W, it solidifies when it is put in an environment with the temperature being sufficiently lower than the melting point of the material W, and then W turns to a solid.
Process principle for FR2 (glue two layers of materials): Air -based -based -based Opportunity of innovation Frost Snow
Process principle for FR2 (glue two layers of solids): Principle??? s Physics, Chemistry, Biology or their combination such as bio-physics, biochemistry, physics-chemistry The principle to glue the two layers is the photosensitive effect - i.e., the gluing of the upper layer of liquid to the previous solid layer is completed during the solidification of the upper layer of liquid.
Process principle for FR2 (glue two layers of solids): Principle??? s Physics, Chemistry, Biology or their combination such as bio-physics, biochemistry, physics-chemistry The glue of the liquid layer to the previous solid layer is completed during the solidification process of the upper liquid layer based on the droplet freezing effect.
Process principle for FR2 (glue two layers of solids): Principle??? s Physics, Chemistry, Biology or their combination such as bio-physics, biochemistry, physics-chemistry The principle to glue to the layer of the solid is the photo-sensitive effect, that is, during the solidification process of the upper liquid layer, it glues with the previous layer of the solid.
Process principle for FR2 (glue two layers of solids): Principle??? s Physics, Chemistry, Biology or their combination such as bio-physics, biochemistry, physics-chemistry The glue of the upper layer of the power to the previous layer of solid is based on the heat-fusion effect. The process is very much like the welding process.
Process principle for FR2 (glue two layers of solids): Principle??? s Physics, Chemistry, Biology or their combination such as bio-physics, biochemistry, physics-chemistry The gluing of the upper layer of the powder to the previous solid layer is based on the effect of bonding material in the powder.
Process principle for FR2 (glue two layers of solids): Principle??? s Physics, Chemistry, Biology or their combination such as bio-physics, biochemistry, physics-chemistry The gluing of the upper layer of the sheet to the previous layer of the sheet is through adhesion on the back of the sheet, where there is filler (like welding)
Process principle for FR2 (glue two layers of solids): Principle??? s 3D Printing or FDM Physics, Chemistry, Biology or their combination such as bio-physics, biochemistry, physics-chemistry The gluing of the upper layer of the liquid (molten material) to the previous solid layer is completed during the process of material fusion
Rectification for 3D Printing (in terms of the principle): 3D Printing is a kind of the additive manufacturing technology. The principle of 3D printing is (however): molten material solidifies quickly in a sufficient low temperature environment. It is easy to be implemented. 3D printing directly dispenses molten materials to the object (an initial platform or solid layer of the materials). 3D printing glues two layers of the materials (a previous solid layer and a layer of liquid in the process of solidification) based on the heat-fusion. 3D printing = Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) = Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) is today a nickname of RP (rapid prototyping) or additive technology or deposition technology.
Analysis: Pros and Cons Pros of additive manufacturing technology (or 3D printing): 1.No need of tooling for making a complex shape product, thus most suitable for concept design and marketing. 2.Capable of making complex internal features, thus most suitable for human engineering. 3.Highly customization, thus most suitable to human engineering. 4.Rapid production compared with those that need tooling. 5.Low cost in production compared with those that need tooling. 6.Large design space due to its capability of making complex shape products. 7.High sustainability due to the reusability of materials easily.
Analysis: Pros and Cons Cons of additive manufacturing technology: 1.Poor mechanical property: strength and stiffness. 2.Poor accuracy. 3.Need of post-processing in order to make products more functional. 4.Polymer materials.
Analysis: Pros and Cons Pros and cons of 3D printing in comparison with other additive manufacturing technologies: 1.Cons: Limited scope of materials that can be used: ABS, PLA. 2.Cons: Poor strength (tension) and stiffness. 3.Pros: simple equipment (due to the principle). 4.Pros: simple maintenance.
3D Bio-plotter It is 3D printer with special types of materials, that is, biomaterials. Cleaning for bio-cells.
3D printing system 3D Printing overall function Heat materials to the molten state Dispense the molten material Glue two consecutive layers of the material Supply materials Move in the x-axis Feed materials Move in the y-axis Heat materials Move in the z-axis
3D printing system The six devices fulfill the six functions as mentioned in the preceding slide
Future Feeding the filament more effectively. Heating the filament of metals, ceramics. Retracting the molten materials. 6D degrees of freedom (DOF) relative motion between the nozzle and platform. Scaffolding and seeding simultaneously. Bio-inspired tissue reconstruction. Rational design and control of scaffold for support and drug release.
Future 6D degrees of freedom (DOF) relative motion between the nozzle and platform
Future 6D degrees of freedom (DOF) relative motion between the nozzle and platform
Future Scaffolding and seeding simultaneously
Future Bio-inspired tissue reconstruction Stem cells and active cells Scaffold for support and nutrition release Biological true tissue Incubator Direct bio-engineering replacement human tissues on-demand for transplantation.
Future Rational design and control of scaffolds On demand tissue repair (chemical and physical requirements of individual patients) Design scaffolds Seed cells Supply foods Stimulate cells Scaffold degradation control Food supply adjustment Cell stimulation adjustment
Concluding Remarks Corrigendum and Position Statement: revisit 3D Printing is not everything of manufacturing technology but a manufacturing technology that is of universal capability in terms of making the shape of product, agile in terms of readiness of accessibility and availability, and Suitable to one-kind-of-production (OKP). Add: 3D Printing is one of the additive manufacturing technologies. Fused deposition principle, leading to simple equipment set-up. It is most promising in bio-manufacturing, including design, fabrication and control.
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