- 7535 COMPUTER APPLICATIONS IN HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING Connecting Theory to Practice Fifth Edition HAESTAD PRESS
Table of Contents Revision History Foreword CHAPTER 1 BASIC HYDRAULIC PRINCIPLES 1 1.1 General Flow Characteristics 1 Flow Conveyance.; 1 Area, Wetted Perimeter, and Hydraulic Radius 1 Velocity 2 Steady Flow 3 Laminar Flow, Turbulent Flow, and Reynolds Number 3 1.2 Energy < 5 The Energy Principle 5 The Energy Equation 6 Hydraulic Grade 6 Energy Grade 7 Energy Losses and Gains 7 1.3 Orifices and Weirs 8 Orifices 8 Weirs 10 1.4 Friction Losses 13 Manning's Equation 14 Chezy's (Kutter's) Equation 14 Hazen-Williams Equation 15 Darcy-Weisbach (Colebrook-White) Equation 15 Typical Roughness Factors 16 1.5 Pressure Flow 17 1.6 Open-Channel Flow 18 Uniform Flow 18 Specific Energy and Critical Flow 20 1.7 Computer Applications 22 1.8 FlowMaster 23 1.9 Tutorial Example 24 1.10 Problems 27 CHAPTER 2 BASIC HYDROLOGY 35 2.1 Rainfall 35 Basic Rainfall Characteristics 35 Return Period and Frequency 35 Types of Rainfall Data.36 ix xi Computer Applications in Hydraulic Engineering
2.2 Rainfall Abstractions and Runoff Volume 45 Watershed Area 45 Rainfall Abstractions 45 Determining Runoff Volume 46 Horton Infiltration Equation 48 Runoff Coefficient 49 NRCS (SCS) Curve Number Method 51 2.3 Computing Peak Runoff Flow Rate 56 Time of Concentration 56 The Rational Method 60 NRCS (SCS) Peak Flow Estimation 64 2.4 Computing Hydrographs 67 Creating Runoff (Effective Rainfall) Hyetographs 69 Unit Hydrographs 72 Discrete Convolution 77 2.5 Problems 82 CHAPTER 3 INLETS, GRAVITY PIPING SYSTEMS, AND STORM SEWER DESIGN 89 3.1 Inlet Design Overview 89 3.2 Gutter Sections on Grade 90 3.3 Inlets on Grade 92 Grate Inlets on Grade 92 Curb Inlets on Grade 93 Combination Inlets on Grade 95 3.4 Inlets in Sag 96 3.5 Inlet Design Overview 98 Inlet and Gutter Problems Using FlowMaster 98' Inlet and Gutter Network Problems Using StormCAD 99 3.6 Gradually Varied Flow 99 Flow Classification 100 Energy Balance 103 3.7 Mixed Flow Profiles 104 Sealing Conditions 104 Rapidly Varied Flow 104 3.8 Storm Sewer Applications 105 Hydrology Model 105 3.9 StormCAD 106 How Can You Use StormCAD? 107 Analysis and Design 107 Profiles 107 3.10 Tutorial Examples 108 Tutorial 1 Design of a Network with Auto Design 108 Haestad Methods, Inc.
Tutorial 2 Alternatives Analysis with Scenario Manager..113 Tutorial 3 Cost Estimating 114 3.11 Problems 116 CHAPTER 4 CULVERT HYDRAULICS 135 4.1 Culvert Systems 135 Culvert Hydraulics 136 4.2 Outlet Control Hydraulics 136 Friction Losses 138 Entrance Minor Loss 138 Exit Minor Loss 140 Gradually Varied Flow Analysis 140 4.3 Inlet Control Hydraulics 140 Unsubmerged Flow 142 Submerged Flow 142 4.4 CulvertMaster 144 How Can You Use CulvertMaster? 144 4.5 Tutorial Example 144 4.6 Problems 147 CHAPTER 5 DETENTION POND DESIGN 153 5.1 Overview of Stormwater Detention 153 5.2 Basic Design Considerations 154 Pre-Development versus Post-Development Criteria and Recurrence Frequency. 154 Types and Configurations of Stormwater Detention Facilities 155 5.3 Detention Pond Modeling Concepts 156 5.4 Components of Detention Facilities 157 Dam Embankments 158 Freeboard 158 Pond Bottoms and Side Slopes 158 Outlet Structures 158 Overflow Spillways 159 5.5 Routing Data: Storage and Hydraulic Relationships 159 Stage versus Storage Volume 159 Stage versus Discharge 165 Composite Stage versus Discharge Relationships 167 5.6 Storage Indication Method 171 5.7 Stormwater Detention Analysis Procedure 175 5.8 PondPack 180 What Is PondPack? 180 How Can You Use PondPack for Windows? 180 5.9 Tutorial Example 181 5.10 Problems 186 Computer Applications in Hydraulic Engineering iii
CHAPTER 6 PRESSURE PIPING SYSTEMS AND WATER QUALITY ANALYSIS 195 6.1 Pressure Systems 195 Water Demands 195 6.2 Energy Losses 197 Friction Losses : 197 Minor Losses 198 6.3 Energy Gains Pumps 200 Variable-Speed Pumps 201 Constant Horsepower Pumps. 202 6.4 Control Valves 202 Check Valves (CVs) 202 Flow Control Valves (FCVs) 202 Pressure Reducing Valves (PRVs) 202 Pressure Sustaining Valves (PSVs) 202 Pressure Breaker Valves (PBVs) 203 Throttle Control Valves (TCVs) 203 6.5 Pipe Networks 203 Conservation of Mass Flows and Demands 203 Conservation of Energy 204 6.6 Network Analysis 205 Steady-State Network Hydraulics 205 Extended-Period Simulation 205 6.7 Water Quality Analysis 205 Age 206 Trace 206 Constituents 207 Initial Conditions 207 Numerical Methods 208 Discrete Volume Method 208 Time-Driven Method 209 6.8 WaterCAD 209 What Does WaterCAD Do? 209 How Can You Use WaterCAD? 210 6.9 Tutorial Example 211 Tutorial 1 - Three Pumps in Parallel 211 Tutorial 2 - Water Quality 217 Tutorial 3 - Pumping Costs 225 Tutorial 4 - Capital Cost Estimating 226 6.10 Problems 228 iv Haestad Methods, Inc.
CHAPTER 7 SANITARY SEWER DESIGN 247 7.1 Sanitary Sewer Systems 247 Common Sanitary Sewer Elements 248 7.2 Loading 248 Common Load Types 249 Sanitary Unit Loading 251 Extreme Flow Factors 253 Common Variable Peaking Factors (PF) 253 Wet-Weather Loading 255 7.3 Extended Period Simulations 256 Overview 256 Routing Overview 256 Hydrologic and Hydraulic Time Steps 258 7.4 SewerCAD 258 What Does SewerCAD Do? 258 How Can You Use SewerCAD? 259 7.5 Tutorial Examples 260 Tutorial 1 - Pump Size for Peak Flows 260 Tutorial 2-24-Hour Simulation of Dry Weather Flow 266 Tutorial 3 - Constructing a Profile 269 Tutorial 4 - Capital Cost Estimating 270 7.6 Problems 273 APPENDIX A HAESTAD METHODS SOFTWARE 289 A.1 Software Packages 289 A.2 General Tips and Common Tools 290 Online Help 290 Graphical Editor 290 Table Manager and Table Customization 292 FlexUnits 293 APPENDIX B SCENARIO MANAGEMENT 297 B.I Overview 297 B.2 About This Appendix 298 B.3 Before Haestad Methods: Distributed Scenarios 298 B.4 With Haestad Methods: Self-Contained Scenarios 299 B.5 The Scenario Cycle 299 Scenario Anatomy: Attributes and Alternatives 299 A Familiar Parallel 300 B.6 Scenario Behavior: Inheritance 301 Overriding Inheritance 302 Dynamic Inheritance 302 Computer Applications in Hydraulic Engineering
When Are Values Local, and When Are They Inherited? 302 Minimizing Effort through Attribute Inheritance.' 303 Minimizing Effort through Scenario Inheritance 304 B.7 A Water Distribution Example 305 Building the Model (Average Day Conditions) 305 Analyzing Different Demands (Maximum Day Conditions) 306 Another Set of Demands (Peak Hour Conditions) 306 Correcting an Error 307 Analyzing Improvement Suggestions 307 Finalizing the Project 308 APPENDIX C COST MANAGEMENT 311 C.I Overview 311 Element Cost Data versus Cost Manager 312 Navigating Within Cost Manager 312 Level of Detail 312 Construction versus Overall Project Cost 312 Indirect Costs by Element or by Project 313 Cost Functions versus Fixed Unit Cost 313 Scenarios versus Cost Alternatives 313 Multiple Scenarios 313 C.2 Assigning Costs to Model Elements 313 Pipe Costs 314 Node Costs 316 Pump Station Costs 318 Non-Construction Costs 319 Entering Data for Multiple Elements 322 Global Edit ; 324 C.3 Unit Cost Functions 325 Form of Cost Functions 325 Formula Cost Functions 329 Tabular Cost Functions 330 Complex Pipe Elements 330 C.4 Building Cost Scenarios 331 Associating Costs with Scenarios 332 Application 332 Using Cost Alternatives to Segregate Multiple Projects in a Plan 333 C.5 Viewing Cost Results 333 Active Scenarios 333 UseofCostFlexTables 333 Individual Element Costs 334 Node and Pipe Cost Tables 335 Cost Scenario Tables 335 vi Haestad Methods, Inc.
APPENDIX D GRAVITY FLOW DIVERSIONS 341 D.I What Are Diversions? 341 What Happens to the Flow at a Diversion Node? 341 Why Do Diversions Only Exist in Gravity Systems? 342 Is a Surcharged Gravity Pipe Considered a Pressure Pipe? 342 How Can a User Model a Node as a Diversion? 342 What Happens to the Diverted Flow? 345 Are There Any Rules for the Diversion Target? 347 What Does a Diversion Look Like in the Drawing? 349 What Is the Diversion Network View? 350 What Happens to Flow that Is Not Diverted? 351 What Is the Difference Between Local and Global Diversions in the Model? 351 How Does a Diversion Node Split the Flow between Flow Being Piped Downstream and Flow Being Diverted? 352 D.2 Rating Curves 352 How Many Data Points Do I Need to Describe a Rating Curve? 353 How Can the Values for the Rating Curve Be Determined? 354 What If Flow Measurements Cannot Be Obtained? 354 D.3 Special Cases 355 What Can Be Done for Overflows Caused By a Hydraulic Restriction Downstream? 355 If a Hydraulic Restriction Causes an Overflow Upstream, Should the Diversion Node Be at the Location of the Restriction or the Overflow? 356 How Can Parallel Relief Sewers Be Modeled? 356 How Can Diversions Be Used to Model Off-Line Storage? 357 How Should the Models Be Used to Handle Basement Flooding? 357 In Some Cases, the Tailwater Depth in the Receiving Stream Can Affect the Rating Curve. Can This Be Modeled? 357 Can I Divert Water Uphill? 358 Where Can I Enter and View Data on Diversions in Scenario Manager? 358 How Can I Divert Flows Out of a Wet Well in SewerCAD? 358 D.4 Model Loading 358 Which Program, StormCAD or SewerCAD, Should I Use to Model My Diversions? 358 SewerCAD Has the Ability to Calculate Extreme Flow Factors. How Do Diversions Affect This? 358 BIBLIOGRAPHY 359 INDEX 365 Computer Applications in Hydraulic Engineering vii