Lignocellulosic residues use for energy and materials in the bio- economy: The Dutch experience Biofuels and their future in the power matrix University of Chile by Jan E.G van Dam Santiago de Chile 2009
Product development for Bio-based Materials 04 11 09 Jan E.G van Dam Div Biobased Products Wageningen UR
Bio-economy.the solution for sustainable developments...?...
Bioeconomy.the solution for financial bubbles and crises...?...
Bioeconomy.the solution for sustainable green developments...?...
Bio-economy and Sustainable developments KYOTO and CO 2 neutral production Transition process Copenhagen 2009 Renewable resources for energy and industries Exploitation of biomass from agro-industrial residues Value addition in materials, and green chemicals
Dutch situation Densely populated Restricted land area for bulk production Specialized high productivity farming Highly industrialized Logistic organisation Long trading tradition
Dutch challenges: Milenium development goals Reduce oil dependency Imports of biomass Collecting and on site pre-processing systems Biorefineries analogue to petrochemical refining Exports of value added green chemicals
Dutch Government and Industries vs Bioeconomy Advise for CO 2 neutral production Alternative biomass farming Energy crops / Marine crops / algae / seaweeds Suitable sources for imports for fuel and chemistry and biobased products Carbon emission trade Development aid and CDM
Renewable Resources for energy and industries Industrial chemical feedstock complex route glucose based chemistry C6 lignin based chemistry C9 C1 / C2 chemical building blocks (syngas) Bio-refinery, bio-cascading, whole crop utilisation opening, refining, extraction, etc
Biobased materials Biomass for energy returns quickly CO 2 in the atmosphere Carbon sequestration can be achieved in durable goods: Bioplastics (PLA, PHA/PHB and other), Cellulose and Starch plastics (CDA, cellophane), Char Composites Building materials (wood and fibre boards)
Biorefinery Food Feed Materials Chemicals Fuels Power Heat Bio-Economy
Market Volume Bio chemicals Biomaterials Bioenergy Food/Feed Market Price
Fuels Bioenergy Food Power Heat Bio-based Products Feed Materials Chemicals
Biorefinery (cascading) of biomass Biomass extraction extract precipitation Protein, lipids modificationcoatings Biopolymers disposal drying chopping pelletising composting residue fuel refining ash tar sugars Alcohol / H 2 fibre pulp effluent gassify combustion silica fermentation Paper / board adhesives Feed Energy waste compost
Biorefinery is Green Chemistry Raw materials Processes Products seed leaf tuber Plant breeding,gmo Seperation unit (biorefinery) inter mediate processes Chemistry Microbiology Enzymology Biotechnology Process technology and food technology PET NYLON Polylactate Biodiesel Bioelectricity Logistics and rural economy, Environmental economy Thermodynamics
Renewable Resources for energy and industries Speciality crops cosmetics and pharma - small volume / high price Non-food crops oil, fibre (textile, paper pulp), fermentation feedstock Energy crops transport fuel and electricity - bulk volume/ low price
Biorefinery: raw material cost from Pharma to Fuel Pharma /kg Endproduct 2.500 Enzymes 150 Small volume (Arg.) 4 Large volume (Glu.) 1.5 Bulk chemical 0.5 Transport fuel 0.3 Electricity fuel 0.035 Volume kton/y 1 10 1.000 10.000 2.000.000 4500.000 20.000.000 Kton raw mat. (a 35/ton) Raw material MM /y Loss10% rendement MM /y 100 0.003-200 0.007-5.000 0.17 0.02 25.000 0.85 0.08 2.500.000 85 8.5 5.000.000 170 17 20.000.000 700 70
Aloe vera glucomannan Skin care gels health
Linking of markets F o o d 1 s t Ag r o lo g is t ic s Fo o d p r e t r e a t m e n t C o n ve r s io n Fo o d p r o d u c t io n $ A g r i s o u r c e s B io m a s s A g r o -fo o d io p r o d u c t io n B y p r o d u c t s & w a s t e L o g is t ic s & s t o r a g e p r o d u c t io n Im p o r t s Pr e -t r e a t m e n t & c o n ve r s io n b io c o n ve r sio n p h y sic a l& c h e m ic a l c on v e r sio n p r o c e ss e ng i n e e ri n g C o n v e r s io n P r o d u c t io n P e r f o r m a n c e m a t e r ia ls B a s e & p la t f o r m c he m ic a ls P e r f o r m a n c e c he m ic a ls B io En e r g y P r o d u c t io n $ $ B io b a s e d P r o d u c t s B io b a s e d m a te r ia ls G r e e n c h e m ic a ls B io - fu e ls B io -e n e r g y N o n - f o o d : F e e d C o m p o s t W a s te m a n a g e m e n t.
Natural fibres end use Textiles, yarns and woven fabrics Ropes, twines, cordage, nets Non-woven fabrics, tissues Composites Paper and board Fibre boards and insulation Bio-ethanol Fuel Mulch and compost value addition
The Word textile Fibres production 40,000 35,000 30,000 World fibre production 1920-2006 (kton) Cotton Synthetic (petro-based) Man-made cellulose fibres * 25,000 20,000 15,000 10,000 5,000 0 1915 1925 1935 1945 1955 1965 1975 1985 1995 2005
Bamboo growing Regions USA Nicaragua Colombia Brazil EU Cameroon Nigeria Ghana Ethiopia Kenia India China Viet Nam Fujian Province Economic and Trade Committee
Growing demand for biomass resources Agricultural & Forestry crops for energy and materials Transfer of technology and innovation Biorefinery / bioconversion cascading of biomass for value addition
Biomass conversion to energy Selection criteria biomass p r e t r e a t m e n t Water % content <15% >85 % process & products Gassify (650 1200 C) Combustion (850-1200 C) Pyrolysis (500 700 C) Liquefaction (< 300 C) Fermentation (20-70 C) CO 2 H 2 CH Heat Gas, oil, tar Oil Temperature / pressure ethanol butano, aceton, l, CH 4 H 2
How to supply the bio-economy economy? Is there enough biomass available that can be utilized without negative effects on food supply and bio-diversity??
Competing claims for biomass resources Sustainable production food supply security land use deforestation rural development FAO / UNEP / UNIDO / IEA NGO Rapid expansion of demand for energy purposes DEVELOPMENT OF BIOREFINERY
Transition to the bio-economy For human consumption 6 Gt is harvested each year for food, feed and non-food (or 3.5% of total plant production)
Transition to the bio-economy Current world wide land use: 10-12% 12% cultivated terrestrial surface or 50% of the suitable arable land area and 25% forest area (including plantations)
Transition to the bio-economy What are the biomass resources where are those available at what costs??
Transition to the bio-economy What are the biomass resources where are those available And for which sustainable application?
Transition to the bio-economy How much biomass is needed to supply industries at viable economical scale and of what quality??
Unused biomass resources Agricultural crops residues Forestry crops Animal waste Municipal solid waste Marine crops Agricultural Food industry wastes Forestry residues Black liquor Waste paper Manure Sewage Algae, Fishery residues
Various Crops and Regions Soft Wood Wheat Corn Soya Cotton Coconut Bamboo Sugarcane Soya Hard Wood Soft Wood Wheat Sugar beet Cacao Algae Cassava Cotton Cotton Bamboo Soft Wood Rice Bamboo Coconut Palm oil Hard Wood Eucalypt Soya Eucalypt
Renewable raw materials and sustainable development Agroresidues of food and non-food crops cotton stalks rice straw / hull sugar cane bagasse corn cobs coconut husk jute fibre and other fibre crops palm oil residues eucalypt bark verge grasses / bamboo
R&D activities for sustainable developments (1) Supply management Upgrading of existing and innovative technologies to ecologically improved production Novel innovative markets for renewable products Valorisation of residues
R&D activities for sustainable developments (2) Agro-logistics, storage, transport and packaging White biotechnology, biorefinery Product development Renewable energy from biomass residues Building and construction materials Green chemicals and bio-polymers, adhesives, additives and coatings
Biomass from agro-industrial residues World production capacity coconut husk 15-20 million tons / year
Husk preparation (CFC/ FAO project) Coconut Coconut husk Opening Milling
coconut based boards High quality wood substitute products High strength Moisture Good workability Fire resistance Resistance to biodegradation Added value for wasted resource abundantly available Highly competitive cheap resource Non need for expensive chemical additives Ecologically save material CO 2 neutral Fits in policies for sustainable development
Building and construction materials
Economical evaluation Production: 10,000 tonnes board/year 400,000 boards 4 ft*8 ft* 0.25 inch 1,333 boards/day Raw material 77,650,000 husks/year 260,000 husks/day Investment estimate 650,000 US$
Eucalypt bark INNOVA Esquerré LtD
Eucalypt bark applications Binderless fibre board / particle board Pyrolysis oil for green chemicals (resins) Non-woven erosion mats (geotextiles) Charcoal and micro-powder Pellets for fuel
Biomass requirement for industrial board production guaranteed supplies sufficient quantities of raw material whole year availability constant quality competing price
Jute based geotextiles with prolonged life-time Dunes replanting with jute fabric
Demands functional lifetime geotextile
Experimental plot Regge & Dinkel, March 1999
Durability increase by acetylation Conclusions: 3-5 x life time extension of jute, flax and cocos Very well rooting of plants After 5 yrs only cocos can be retraced
Technology for natural fibre reinforced plastics Raw materials agrofibre PP Extrusion Granules Injection moulding Compression (one-shot) moulding
Production of high yield pulps from green jute Newsprint quality High yields Low chemical input Low COD and BOD demands Options considered: Extrusion pulping Refiner mechanical pulping Enzyme pretreatment
Pilot scale biopulping experiments (USA)
Oil Palm (Malaysia( Malaysia, Indonesia) 27 millions of tons a year, 23% of the World s vegetable oil production (2003) Extensive global expansion (from 2 to 7 million ha in last 20 years) 80% of the World production on account of Malaysia and Indonesia Palm oil and palm kernel oil are the only products (9% of the produced biomass), the rest is waste
Exploitation of biomass from agro-industrial residues palm oil residues low utilisation rate
Utilisation of Palm oil residues Lignocellulosic fibres at estate fronts (10.5 tons /ha/yr) trunks (70 tons / ha / 25 yr) Residues at palm oil mill empty fruit bunch (1 ton / ton palm oil) mesocarp fibre (0.6 ton / ton) shells (0.4 ton / ton) effluent (0.4-1.0 ton/ton) partly used as boiler fuel
Options for sustainable residue utilisation Bio-diesel (residual oil / pressing cakes) Bio-gas, H 2 / ABE and ethanol fermentation Bio-polymers (PLA, PHA) Bio-oil pyrolysis (BTG) / Charcoal Fibres for paper, building boards and composites Dissolving cellulose green chemicals (lignin and furfural adhesives)
Sustainable building Renewable materials High performance Competing for quality for comfort for safety
Bamboo fast growing biomass resource Industrial application in textile fibre paper & pulp cellulose materials particle boards and laminated structures China: shortage of wood resources non-polluting bamboo innovation
Innovations for bamboo fibre cellulose processing cellulose modification (acylation) xylan product development lignin conversion silica & wax bamboo carbon fibre recycling and chemical recovery
Bamboo structures Simon Velez
Bamboo plywood construction
Sustainability criteria Ecological.. Wood substitute products to prevent deforestation Carbon credits / CDM Socio-economic labour, income and housing Addressing poverty by supporting the incomes and livelihoods of commodity producers Fair trade and quality certification
Conclusions By-products utilisation for added value is beneficial to the sustainability of crop production Essential for certifying the sustainability of biomass energy and products. Multi-stakeholder involvement needed. Include outsider (food vs non-food) industries involved in energy and fibre products
Developmental strategy Demonstration of technical feasibility laboratory and pilot scale socio-economic potential field study marketing potential business plan Identification of partners in primary production and industry investors and stakeholders
Industrial implementation of R&D difficult and slow remain at the level of laboratory or pilot scale lack of investors small size of the industries involved in innovation (SME) not capable of organising raw materials supplies maintenance of quality standards marketing tools to penetrate market niche fast enough
Dutch Government new initiatives Nov 2009 Ministries of Economic Affairs and Agriculture join efforts to boost investments in bio-economic developments: Support for Pilot and demonstration plants for biorefinery to make food medicines, feed, chemicals biofuels and materials 10 M Subsidies for gassification of biomass 13.5 M Financial injection in R&D for aquatic biomass (algae and seaweeds) 1.3 M Innovation agenda energy: clean & efficient
Alginate polyuronic acids from Sea weeds print paste dental modeling gel wound dressing
Outlook markets for biobased materials Many innovative industrial projects possible but Not without industrial investment and government commitment Bio-based economy is investment in the future
companies TO GET INVOLVED: Primary processors / biorefineries Fibre pulping industries Cellulose manufacturing Cellulose textiles Bio resin producers Fibre board producers Fibre composites producers Activated carbon Bio plastics Building industries.. And many more
Conclusion There is no need for waste when it s s bio-based based