Heavy Liquid Hydrocarbons: Their Production and the Resulting CO 2 Footprint Tony Kovscek Stanford University Energy Resources Engineering email:kovscek@stanford.edu
First, a little quiz
Where does imported oil originate? Jan - Jul 2007 3%4%1%1%1% 3% 6% 1%1%1%0% 4% Domestic Production 36% 7% 9% 9% 12% Energy Information Administration, www.eia.doe.gov
Where does imported oil originate? 3% 3% 4%1%1%1%1%1%1%0% 4% 6% 7% Saudi Arabia 9% Mexico 9% Canada 12% 36% Domestic Canada Mexico Saudi Arabia Venezuela Nigeria Algeria Iraq Angola Colombia Kuwait Libya United Kingdom Ecuador Brazil Equatorial Guinea Other Energy Information Administration, www.eia.doe.gov
Who has large proved oil reserves? Oil and Gas J., 2003 300 250 reserves (Bbbl) 200 150 100 50 0 Reserve Resource Reserve is energy that you can recover economically with existing technology.
Who has large proved oil reserves? 300 250 Oil and Gas J., 2003 200 150 100 50 0 Saudi Arabia Canada Iraq Iran Kuwait United Arab Emirates Russia Venezuela Libya Nigeria United States reserves (Bbbl)
Today s Presentation What has Canada got? What is heavy oil? What is heavy oil? Why do you care about heavy oil? Heavy-oil recovery methods are energy intensive Alberta Canada Oil Sands Kern River, CA CO 2 foot print for heavy oil production energy needed to produce heavy oil implications for CO 2 production Summary
What has Canada Got? Heavy-Oil Resource USA-Alaska 80 Bbbl Canada 2732 Bbbl USA-Continental 137 Bbbl Venezuela 700-3000 Bbbl Middle East 1400 Bbbl conventional oil Say that world consumption is 25 Bbbl/yr, R/P = 240 years
What is heavy oil? heavy oil: about as dense as water (1000-930 kg/m 3 ) tar or bitumen: more dense than water (> 1000 kg/m 3 ) rules of thumb -water 1 cp -100,000 cp for 10 API at 30 C -100 cp for 20 API at 30 C well productivity J ~ 1 µ oil http://www.syncrude.com
Why do you care about heavy oil? World oil production, Hubbert-Style peak oil World oil consumption 30 25 conservative prediction best prediction actual data 20 15 million bbl/d QuickTime and a TIFF (LZW) decompressor are needed to see this picture. 10 2001 5 2020 0 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 year Shell Global Scenarios to 2025, www.shell.com
Why do you care about heavy oil? Sustained Growth Scenario (Shell) World Population
Heavy Oil Fills the Gap How do we recover heavy oil? Primary (heavy-oil solution gas drive) Secondary (water injection) Tertiary -steam injection -in-situ combustion -vapor extraction -electrical heating Strip mining more desirable?
Aurora Mine Oil Sands Development QuickTime and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture.
open-pit mine http://www.syncrude.com Syncrude: Base mine 3.1 miles by 4.3 miles by 197 ft. deep North mine 9 miles by 1.2 miles by 262 ft. deep Aurora mine 3 miles by 1 mile by 229 ft. deep
open-pit mine 2 tonnes oil sand (basis) http://www.syncrude.com
open-pit mine 240-400 tonne capacity 2 tonnes oil sand (basis) truck to a roll crusher http://www.syncrude.com
open-pit mine 2 tonnes oil sand (basis) truck to a roll crusher http://www.syncrude.com reject some solids, slurry and pipeline
open-pit mine 2 tonnes oil sand (basis) http://www.syncrude.com truck to a roll crusher reject some solids, slurry and pipeline extraction Extraction: hot water NaOH vigorous mixing get about 75% of OBIP sand water bitumen
open-pit mine 2 tonnes oil sand (basis) http://www.syncrude.com truck to a roll crusher reject some solids, slurry and pipeline extraction separation bitumen sand
open-pit mine 2 tonnes oil sand (basis) http://www.syncrude.com truck to a roll crusher reject some solids, slurry and pipeline extraction separation pipeline to upgrader Upgrading and hydrotreating: cracking (add H 2 using CH 4 ) coking (carbon rejection) S and N 2 removal
open-pit mine 2 tonnes oil sand (basis) truck to a roll crusher reject some solids, slurry and pipeline extraction separation pipeline to upgrader 1 barrel of syncrude (1 bbl = 42 gal=0.16m 3 ) Light sweet crude >1 MMbbl/day output total Canada (Syncrude, Suncor, PetroCanada) 39% of Canadian oil production (2005) 1/8 gasoline in Canada, Syncrude Syncrude cumulative > 1 Bbbl
Operating Costs and Oil Production Syncrude only QuickTime and a TIFF (LZW) decompressor are needed to see this picture. Canada Oil Sands Trust, http://cos-ar.beta.zu.com/annual_report/2006/
Oil and CO 2 Production crude oil 0.4 tonne CO 2 /bbl 940 lbs CO 2 /bbl Production 2 tonnes sand = 1 barrel 220 lbs CO 2 / bbl 4.4 BTU of oil / BTU CH 4 CO 2 Emissions http://www.syncrude.com
Where will the natural gas come from? Image source unknown
CO 2 Implications By 2015, annual CO 2 emissions from upgrading operations are estimated to be 94 Mt By 2050, perhaps 2000 Mt per year Canada s Kyoto emissions goal is about 500 Mt per year Alternative to natural gas for processing is nuclear power (hydrogen and steam), Alberta Energy Corporation 5 Mar 07 press release, CANDU reactor for N. Alberta
Kern River (Kern Co., CA) Lost Hills N. B. I-5 99 Cymric South Belridge Elk Hills Bakersfield 58 Kern River Buena Vista Stanford MWSS 0 miles 16 Bakersfield
Kern River Discovered 1899 by a farmer digging a water well. Hit oil at 40 ft (or 70 ft) below ground (bgs) Original oil = 3.8 Bbbl Producing interval: 500-1300 ft Geology: Alternating sand and shale sequences at least 7 major units Dispersed silt in the sand zones Thickness: 30-90 ft net Dip: 4 to the southwest
Why heat a heavy oil reservoir? Oil viscosity versus temperature productivity ~ 1 10000 Viscosity(cP) µ oil 1000 100 10 1 0 100 200 300 400 temperature ( F)
Steam Injection acknowledgement: U.S. DOE, SCNGO, http://www.netl.doe.gov/scngo/index.html
http://www.bakersfield.com/static/special/oil100/graphics.asp
Oil-Steam Ratio (OSR) 1 OSR = (V oil )/(V steam ) V steam is at 60 F field OSR 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 El Dorado Coalinga Yorba Linda Tatums Slocum Smackover Kern River Schoonebeek Inglewood Tia Juana 0 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 calculated OSR
CO 2 Footprint for Steam Injection practical range of OSR: 0.2-0.5 p steam = 250 psi, quality = 0.7 boiler efficiency = 90% 3.48 to 8.70 BTU oil / BTU steam CO 2 production: 84 to 210 lbs CO 2 / bbl oil steam is supplied by burning natural gas crude oil 0.4 tonne CO 2 /bbl 940 lbs CO 2 /bbl
Natural Gas Whose CO 2 is this really? it s a combined heat, power, and irrigation operation
Statewide: 2036.7 MWe installed oilfield cogen capacity gas-fired net electricity into grid is sufficient for 1.5 million homes out of 11.5 million total 2004, 2005 Annual Report CalDOGGR
Kern River Oil Field QuickTime and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture.
Heavy-oil production of the future? US Patent 20060048770
Summary the world needs energy, and a portfolio of options conservation -nuclear renewables -fossil fuels there are plenty of heavy hydrocarbons to meet world oil demand, but extraction is difficult, more expensive than conventional sources, and may leave a greater environmental footprint process integration (polygeneration) and in-situ processes reduce footprint: 110 lbs/bbl (Kern River) versus 220 lbs/bbl (Syncrude) Not well to gas pump, just crude production
CO 2 Management: Kaya Identity A form of Paul Ehrlich s IPAT Identity A result of dimensional analysis CO 2 Emissions = (Population) (GDP/person) (Energy/GDP) (CO 2 /energy) per nation, city, etc. standard of living energy intensity carbon intensity Kaya Identity : Kaya, Y, Energy Conversion and Management, 36, 375-380, 1995..
What are our options? CO 2 Emissions = (Population) (GDP/person) (Energy/GDP) (CO 2 /energy) Control population Reduce standard of living (GDP/person) Energy intensity (i.e., efficiency) Carbon Intensity =>There are no first order solutions
Carbon Sequestration CO 2 Emissions = (Population) (GDP/person) (Energy/GDP) (CO 2 /energy) (CO 2 emitted/co 2 ) Some questions: Is it a green energy technology? Is it sustainable? Is it a technology in competition with renewables?
Summary Resource/World Production = 240 years Heavy-oil recovery technologies do exist Oil Production CO 2 generation not well to gas pump numbers Kern River 110 lbs per barrel, but this is CHP (whose CO 2 is it?) Syncrude: 220 lbs per barrel Geological sequestration is a CO 2 mitigation option