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welcomes you to Rotterdam and to our inaugural Mineral Recycling conference

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AT A GLANCE A-Z GUIDE WHICH MINERALS FOR WHICH MARKETS Leading industrial minerals Main raw material feedstock Key specified chemical component World production Main source countries Leading consuming markets PICK UP YOUR COMPLIMENTARY COPY AT OUR STAND TODAY!!

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Why Mineral Recycling? What are Secondary Raw Materials?

Moving towards a circular economy Closing the loop Secondary Raw Materials Source: EC

Industrial minerals market structure Supply chain can be simplified into three key business tiers SUPPLY Direction of supply LOGISTICS Direction of demand MARKET

Supply chain options Trad. Captive Direct Captive route processing buy production Recycling Mineral producer Exploration, reserves, mining, processing (own mine) Mineral trader Sourcing, logistics, financing Mineral processor/distributor Sourcing, processing, storage, logistics Intermediate product manufacturer Sourcing, processing, storage, logistics, formulating, application End user market End use application

Secondary Raw Materials (SRM) for industrial mineral markets SRM source* SRM recovered Market Aluminium salt slag Batteries Fly ash Glass alumina graphite; lithium; manganese dioxide aluminosilicate REE; silica Gypsum wallboard gypsum wallboard Refractories Steel slag alumina; andalusite; bauxite; chromite; dolomite; mag-carbon; graphite; magnesia; silicon carbide; zirconia alumina; calcia; magnesia; silica Waste water phosphorus fertiliser WEEE** antimony trioxide; bromine FR; fluorspar; graphite; REE * ie. waste from processing, or used/discarded mineral-bearing end products to be recycled ** waste electrical and electronic equipment cement; ceramics; geopolymers; metallurgy; mineral wool; refractories; batteries; ceramics; chemicals; glass; refractories ceramics; coatings; construction; foundry; plastics; proppants (oil & gas drilling) abrasives; chemicals; coatings; concrete; glass; plastics; sealants ceramics; metallurgy; refractories abrasives; aggregate; cement; concrete; fertiliser; filtration; metallurgy batteries; ceramics; chemicals; flame retardants

Refractory minerals About 35m tpa of some 24 different minerals are consumed in world refractories production Refractory classification Industrial mineral (incl. synthetic) Main chemical component Primary source country BASIC Dead burned magnesia 85-99.8% MgO China ACIDIC High alumina Low alumina Silica Fused magnesia 97-99.8% MgO China Dead burned dolomite 56-62% MgO, 36-40% CaO USA Chromite >46% Cr 2 O 3 South Africa Sintered/fused spinel 66-80% Al 2 O 3, 21-33% MgO China Olivine 40-50% MgO, 35-45% SiO 2 Norway Calcined alumina >99.5% Al 2 O 3 China Fused alumina 94-99.5% Al 2 O 3 China Calcined bauxite 85-88% Al 2 O 3 China Sintered/fused mullite 40-75% Al 2 O 3 USA Andalusite, sillimanite, kyanite 60-65% Al 2 O 3 South Africa Refractory clays 20-45% Al 2 O 3 China Pyrophyllite 20-30% Al 2 O 3 South Korea Quartzite, silica sand >97% SiO 2 Regional Fused silica >99.8% SiO 2 USA SPECIALISED Zircon 66% ZrO 2 +HfO 2 Australia Zirconia >99% ZrO 2 China Silicon carbide >93% SiC China Graphite 75-99% C China INSULATING Diatomite >75% SiO 2 USA Perlite 65-80% SiO 2 China Vermiculite 45% SiO 2 South Africa

Refractory recycling Process flow chart EU refractory recyclate 20% refractories recycled as SRM (PRE) 750-800,000 tpa theoretical (Roskill 2015) Clays 10% Others 5% Magnesia 47% Alumina/ bauxite 17% Dolomite 21% EU refractory recycling processors Deref, Italy Harsco Metals & Minerals, UK Horn & Co., Germany LKAB Minerals, UK, Netherlands REF Minerals, Latvia Valoref, France Source: original schematic REFRASORT

Drivers Minimising landfill costs Conserving energy use Conserving primary raw materials Challenge to develop new mines in EU Rising costs of PRM Critical/Stategic mineral awareness General trend to zero waste economy

Drivers Rising costs of PRM: fused magnesia, dead burned magnesia Source: RHI 2016

Drivers Challenge to develop new mines in EU: Magna magnesite mine in Spain Source: RHI 2016 Source: Magna 2011

Supply risk Drivers Critical/Stategic mineral awareness European Commission Raw Materials Initiative 2008 Heavy rare earths CRITICAL NOT CRITICAL Light rare earths Natural graphite Magnesite Barytes Phosphate Fluorspar Borates Chromite Diatomite Bentonite, Perlite, Clays, Feldspar, Talc Lithium, Gypsum, Silica sand, Limestone Bauxite Potash Economic importance Source: Original chart European Commission

Indicators EC Pan-European initiatives Raw Materials Initiative 3 rd Pillar = Resource efficiency and supply of secondary raw materials through recycling. European Innovation Partnership Pilot actions for recycling; Regulatory framework for secondary raw materials Horizon 2020 Work Programme = Climate Action, Environment, Resource Efficiency and Raw Materials

Indicators New Circular Economy Package 2 December 2015 Revised Legislative Proposals on Waste; 650m from Horizon 2020 Development of quality standards for secondary raw materials to increase the confidence of operators in the single market Measures to promote reparability, durability and recyclability of products, in addition to energy efficiency Cross-border circulation of secondary raw materials through the use of an electronic data exchange A common EU target for recycling 65% of municipal waste by 2030 A common EU target for recycling 75% of packaging waste by 2030 Concrete measures to promote re-use and stimulate industrial symbiosis turning one industry's by-product into another industry's raw material

Indicators Projects AluSalt GtoG Mud2Metal P-REX ProSUM RARE³ REFRASORT WEEE Forum (Horizon 2020) efficient aluminium salt cake recycling technology (GypsumToGypsum): gypsum waste recycling recovery of critical metals from bauxite residues (red mud) phosphorus recycling from sewage sludge Prospecting Secondary raw materials from the Urban Mine and Mining waste: a centralised database on arisings, stocks, flows and treatment of WEEE, end-of-life vehicles (ELVs), batteries, and mining wastes. recycling and reuse of rare earths and other critical metals automated sorting of spent refractories for high grade recycling focusing on the challenge of electrical and electronic waste

Indicators Process/Sorting technology development eg. Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy Increasing interest in SRM processing eg. Horn Group, LKAB Minerals Added value product development eg. Fly ash Alumina: Inner Mongolia Mengxi High-Tech Group Co. Ltd, China Ceramic proppants: LWP Technologies, Australia

Challenges Not cost-competitive with PRM Stigma of using a waste product Quality control issues: making the grade Investment in process/sorting technology Compatability in product formulations Sourcing adequate supply of waste material Assurance of long term supply of consistent quality of SRM Permits/legislation in handling/treating waste material: clarity, consistency, across country borders

Outlook SRM on purchaser s menu in future Increased competition with PRM More and improved automation systems; development of mobile sorting systems More companies getting involved; evolution of supply chain of sources, processing, trading, distribution, logistics Development of new product formulations to enhance/ease SRM use and ultimate recyclability Increasing long term strategic alliances between waste sources, recyclers, and end users Education of end users to positively engage in and recognise benefits of recycling Clarification and consistency in legislation, regulations, and licences regarding handling, processing, and trade in waste and SRM

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