Lesson 2 Principles of Transportation & Land Use 2-1
Learning Outcomes Explain transportation s impact on land use and development patterns, including historical growth patterns Explain how land use patterns at both local and regional scales impact travel patterns List various performance measures characterizing the land use-transportation system Discuss how transportation and land use systems can be designed in a mutually supportive manner, and the consequences of disconnecting transportation from land use planning 2-2
Lesson 2: & Principles of Transportation Land Use 2.1 Transportation and Land Use Relationships 2.2 How Well Are We Performing? 2.3 How Can We Improve? 2.4 Examples 2-4
What Do We Mean by Transportation? Modes of travel Automobile, pedestrian, bus, rail, bicycle, taxi, truck, etc. Purpose Work, shopping, recreation, etc. Sectors Passenger, freight 2-5
What Do We Mean by Land Use? Human development & land management Macro-level characteristics Form/location/patterns Micro-level characteristics Type of use - residential, commercial, industrial, agricultural, parkland, etc. Density activity per unit area Diversity mix of uses in an area Design characteristics 2-6
Mobility versus Accessibility Mobility The ability to travel Accessibility The ability to reach desired destinations or activities Accessibility = Mobility + Land Use 2-7
Link Between Mobility & Accessibility 2-9
Urban Form Defined by Accessibility Walking City Pre-1890 Streetcar City 1890-1920 Early Auto City 1920-1945 Auto-Freeway City 1945-? Electronic City? Urban form is largely a product of the dominant transportation system in place during a region s prevailing period of growth. - Homer Hoyt 2-10
Walking City (Pre-1890) Annapolis ½ mile 2-11
Streetcar Suburb (1890 1920) Peabody Heights/Charles Village, MD ½ mile 3 miles to Downtown Baltimore 2-12
Early Auto City (1920 1945) Chevy Chase, MD 1 mile 6 miles to Downtown DC 2-13
Auto-Freeway City (1945 -?) Columbia, MD 8 miles 35 miles to DC 2-14
Cyber Village St. Paul, MN Source: Lowertown Redevelopment Corp. 2-15
Savannah Growth along Abercorn Street Nine to 10 mile corridor Displays a range of urban conditions Chronicles expansion over 200 years 2-16
Historic Walking City 10.4 Miles of Streets 10,000 Sq.Ft per Acre (Footprint Density) 2-17
Early Expansion 8.76 Miles of Streets 8,600 Sq.Ft per Acre (Footprint Density) 2-18
Early Suburbs 6.6 Miles of Streets 7,200 Sq.Ft per Acre (Footprint Density) 2-19
Suburban Pattern 4.3 Miles of Streets 6,200 Sq.Ft per Acre (Footprint Density) 2-20
Retail Mall District 3.3 Miles of Streets 6,700 Sq.Ft per Acre (Footprint Density) 2-21
Exercise: Community Assessment What type of neighborhood do you live in? What do you particularly like about it? What do you dislike about it? How satisfied are you with transportation accessibility? 2-24
Factors Encouraging Dispersed Development 2-25
Factors Encouraging Dispersed Development Automobiles and highways Telecommunications Amenities of lowdensity neighborhoods Land costs Travel factors Others? 2-26
Factors Encouraging Compact Development 2-27
Factors Encouraging Compact Development Demographics Traffic congestion Immigration Café culture Positive examples of dense development Others? Source: Myers and Gearin 2-28
Land Use Transportation 2-30
3Ds and Travel Outcomes Built Environment Travel Demand Diversity Density Design Trip Rates x Mode Splits x Trip Distances = Vehicle Miles Traveled 2-31
Beyond the 3Ds Density Diversity Design Distance (to transit) Destination Accessibility (Location) 2-32
Changing the 4Ds Changes Vehicle Trips and VMT 0 Density Diversity (Mix) Design Destination Accessibility -0.05-0.1-0.15-0.2 Vehicle Trips -0.25 VMT Elasticity Source: Ewing and Cervero 2-33
Transportation Land Use 2-36
How Transportation Influences Land Use 2-38
How Transportation Influences Land Use 2-39
Before you know it. 2-40
Traffic Induced Demand The increment of new traffic (or transit ridership) that would not have occurred at all without the capacity Widen improvement. Congestion Widen Congestion Congestion Years 2-41
Causes of Increases in Traffic Short-term New trips More distant destinations Mode shifts Route shifts* Long-term Higher car ownership Reduced transit service Activity location shifts** * Most important short-term effect according to Dowling et al. ** Most important long-term effect according to Cervero 2-43
What Happens to Added Capacity in 5-8 Years? Behavioral Shifts Consumed Induced Demand Land-Use Shifts 31% 40% 9% 20% Preserved Consumed Megatrends Cervero 2-44
What Does this Mean? Transportation shapes growth BUT it may not shape growth consistent with our desired land use plan(s) We can use transportation investments to shape growth in the way we want it to occur We can adopt land use policies that are consistent with transportation investments 2-45
The Woodward Project 2-46
Lesson 2: & Principles of Transportation Land Use 2.1 Transportation and Land Use Relationships 2.2 How Well Are We Performing? 2.3 How Can We Improve? 2.4 Examples 2-47
Discussion How Well Are We Performing? How can we measure the success of today s transportation and land use patterns? How can we measure major costs and impacts? 2-48
Typical Performance Measures Circa 1991 Percent of Agencies 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Level of Service Delay V/C Ratio Travel Time/Speed Vehicle-hours of Travel Vehicle Occupancy Accident Rate Duration of Peak-Period Vehicle-miles of Travel Source: Lomax, Turner, Shunk, et al. 2-49
Florida s Multimodal LOS 2-50
Transit s Equivalent of LOS Service frequency Hours of service Service coverage Passenger loads Reliability Transit-auto travel time difference 2-52
Balanced Scorecard Mobility Accessibility Safety Equity Livability Sustainability etc. 2-53
Balanced Scorecard Percentage households & jobs with transit access Amount of land developed Household density Annual transportation costs Transportation related emissions Annual energy expenses 2-54
Lesson 2: & Principles of Transportation Land Use 2.1 Transportation and Land Use Relationships 2.2 How Well Are We Performing? 2.3 How Can We Improve? 2.4 Examples 2-55
VMT Growing Faster Than Population 2,500,000 2,000,000 1,500,000 1,000,000 Household VMT (in Thousands) All Persons (in Millions) VMT Cars Workers Licensed Drivers Lane Miles Trips 500,000 Population 0 1977 1983 1990 Adj. 1995 2001 Source: Polzin, Chu and Toole-Holt 2-56
Congestion Increasing Everywhere TTI Index 2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 Houston Los Angeles Portland 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 Source: Schrank and Lomax 2-57
Benefits of Linked Land Use and Transportation Travel in Portland, Oregon Land Use Type Percent Auto Percent Walk Percent Transit VMT per Capita Autos per HH Good Transit/Mixed Use 58.1% 27.0% 11.5% 9.8 0.93 Good Transit Only 74.4% 15.2% 7.9% 13.3 1.50 Remainder of County 81.5% 9.7% 3.5% 17.3 1.74 Remainder of Region 87.3% 6.1% 1.2% 21.8 1.93 Source: Metro 2-62
Lesson 2: & Principles of Transportation Land Use 2.1 Transportation and Land Use Relationships 2.2 How Well Are We Performing? 2.3 How Can We Improve? 2.4 Examples 2-63
Case Study Regional Coordination: Portland, Oregon 2-64
Sprawl and Auto Dependence within the Urban Growth Boundary Case Study 2-65
Guiding Regional Growth Over 50 Years Base Case Concept A Case Study Concept B Concept C 2040 Growth Concept adopted in 1995 2040 Concept Source: Metro 2-66
Region 2040 Building Blocks Tight UGB grow up not out Centers and corridors Minimum densities Aggressively expand transit Preserve neighborhoods Preserve greenspace Source: Metro 2-68
Light Rail as Backbone of Urban Form 1990-2000 Case Study Source: Metro 2-69
Documented Accomplishments Stronger downtown employment base Higher suburban densities Transit-oriented development 2-72
Case Study Local Coordination: Atlantic Station 2-77
Desperate Need of Access Case Study 2-79
EPA Project XL National pilot program to promote costeffective environmental protection EPA grants regulatory and policy flexibility Case Study 2-80
Comparison Sites Sandy Springs Cobb/Fulton Employment Density (1995) < 1.00 jobs/acre 1.00 4.00 4.01 10.00 > 10.00 jobs/acre Atlantic Steel Henry County 2-81
Comparative Performance Vehicle Miles Traveled (in Thousands) 600 500 400 Atlantic Steel Sandy Springs Cobb/Fulton Henry County Case Study 300 200 100 0 Daily VMT 2-82
Alternative Site Plan Comparison Case Study 2-83
The Site Today Case Study Source: Atlantic Station, LLC 2-85
The Site Today The District Case Study The Commons 2-86
Review What are the 3 D s? Describe one way in which one of the D s may affect travel patterns Define accessibility List at least four measures of performance of the transportation-land use system 2-87