How Will We Establish Sustainable Cities Rifat Ünal SAYMAN, Director - REC Turkey 13 November 2017, Turkey Pavilion, COP23, Bonn
Regional Environmental Center ( ) The REC is a non-partisan, non-advocacy, not-for profit international organization with a mission to assist in solving environmental problems ( ) The REC is legally based on a charter signed by the governments of 31 countries and the European Commission Established in1990, head office in Hungary, offices in 17 countries REC Turkey started its operations in Turkey following the ratification of a bilateral agreement by the Turkish Parliament (TBMM) in 2004
Global Emissions
Selected Indicators - 1 200% 180% 160% 140% Global Economic Crysis 120% 100% 1999 Earthquakes 80% 60% 40% 1994 Economic Crysis 2001 Economic Crysis 20% 0% 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 Population Total GHG Emissions GDP (2010 Constant USD) Per Capita GHG Emissions R. Ünal Sayman Data sources: World Bank, TÜİK
Millions Thousands 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 18,00 16,00 14,00 12,00 10,00 8,00 6,00 4,00 2,00 0,00 1 - Total Population and Change (1990 2015) 45% Germany Turkey France United Kingdom 1990 2015 Increase Rate 4 - Per Capita tco2e and Change (1990 2015) Germany Poland United Kingdom Selected Indicators - 2 1990 2015 Increase Rate Italy Spain Poland 53% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% -10% 60% 40% 20% 0% -20% -40% $50 $45 $40 $35 $30 $25 $20 $15 $10 $5 $0 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 2 - Per Capita GDP PPP and Change (1990 2015) Germany United Kingdom 3 - Number of Passenger Cars Per 1000 People and Change (1990 2015) -60% 0 Spain Italy France Turkey Italy Germany Poland France Spain United R. Ünal Sayman Kingdom Data sources: 1 World Bank, 2 World Bank, 3 Eurostat, EU Transport Pocketbook 2017, 1990 2015 Increase Rate UNECE, 4 UNFCCC, World Bank 292% France Italy Spain Poland Turkey 1990 2015 Increase Rate 362% 134 Turkey 400% 350% 300% 250% 200% 150% 100% 50% 0% 400% 350% 300% 250% 200% 150% 100% 50% 0%
millions Growth in the Population and Rapid Urbanization 80 70 60 50 76% 100% 75% 40 44% 50% 30 20 10 0 24% 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 25% 0% Total Population Urban Population Ratio of Urban Population R. Unal SAYMAN, Climate Change After Paris; Retain Transformation, Şehir ve Toplum Magazine, MBB, July 2017 (7), 97-120 (in Turkish)
Turkish Municipalities Although there are 30 metropolitan municipalities representing 2% of total municipalities in number, 77% of the total population of Turkey inhabited in these cities. 9% Distribution of Total Population of Turkey to Local Administrations Including Villages 6% 2%6% Metropolitan city - 62 million Province center - 7 million County center - 5 million Town - 1 million 77% Villages - 5 million 394; 28% 30; 2% 51; 4% Number and Share of Municipalities Based on Their Type Metropolitan city Province center 400; 29% 519; 37% Metropolitan city district County center Town Note: To avoid duplication, population of metropolitan city district municipalities are not included in the population chart. Total population of these municipalities equals to total population of metropolitan municipalities. R. Ünal SAYMAN, Data source: TÜİK
Top 10 Populated Metropolitan Municipalities Population Rank City (Province) Total Population (2015) and change comparing to 2010 Passenger Cars per Thousand Inhabitants (2015) and Change Comparing to 2010 1 İstanbul 14.657.434 11% 168 22% 2 Ankara 5.270.575 10% 232 20% 3 İzmir 4.168.415 6% 156 21% 4 Bursa 2.842.547 9% 140 35% 5 Antalya 2.288.456 16% 185 26% 6 Adana 2.183.167 5% 131 40% 7 Konya 2.130.544 6% 145 36% 8 Gaziantep 1.931.836 14% 103 37% 9 Şanlıurfa 1.892.320 14% 49 8% 10 Kocaeli 1.780.055 14% 108 30% Türkiye 78.741.053 7% 134 31%
Impacts of Climate Change R. Ünal Sayman Data sources: TÜİK
Turkish Municipalities Perspectives The Most Important 5 Criteria Total County Center Metropolitan sub-province Province Center Metropolitan 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Local Environmental Action Plan (LEAP) Strategy Municipalities Questionnaire Results, REC Turkey, 2016
Household Waste Management in EU and Turkey REC Turkey, 2016 Source: Eurostat
Household Waste Management
Landfill Facilities in Turkey Household waste: 31mt per year. Household waste disposed in sanitary landfills has reached to 60-65%. Capacity is nearly full for some of the facilities, new sites are needed. Recycling rate is ~10%. Packaging waste: 7mt per year (~30% recycled) WEEE (e-waste): 600kt per year (~10% recycled)
GHG Inventories of Turkish Metropolitan Municipalities Bursa: Per capita emission reduction by 20% in 2030 compared with 2012 levels İzmir: Emission reduction by 20% in 2020 compared with 2014 levels Antalya: Emission reduction by 23% in 2020 compared with 2012 levels There are 30 Metropolitan Municipalities (MM) in Turkey. As of 2017; - 7 MM have GHG Inventory. - Among these 7, 4 of MM have emission reduction target. - Additional 5 MM have started preparation of GHG Inventory. Gaziantep: Emission First GHG reduction Emission Inventory by 20% in Report 2023 in compared 2011 with 2023 levels GHG Inventory Status of Metropolitan Municipalities (MM) of Turkey (2017) MM without GHG Inventory Under Preparation MM with GHG Inventory MM with GHG Inventory and Reduction Target Rifat Ünal SAYMAN, Gözde ODABAŞ Data Sources: Inventory Reports, Climate Action Plans
Scope and Data Accuracy of Inventories tco2e/year 7,00 Per Capita Emissions 6,00 5,00 4,00 3,00 2,00 1,00 0,00 Gaziantep İzmir Bursa Antalya Muğla İstanbul Erzurum Turkey Data Years Gaziantep 2015, İzmir 2014; Bursa 2014; Antalya 2012, Muğla 2013, İstanbul 2015, Erzurum 2012, Turkey 2015. Notes - Gaziantep prepared two inventory reports; first in 2011 and second in 2016. - İstanbul prepared two inventory reports; first in 2013 and second in 2016. İstanbul 2016 GHG Inventory Report has not been published yet. Data Sources: Inventory Reports, Climate Action Plans
International Climate Initiative Memberships MEMBER TURKISH MUNICIPALITIES - Antalya BB - Bağcılar (İstanbul) - Bornova (İzmir) - Bursa BB - Tepebaşı (Eskişehir) - İzmir BB - Kadıköy (İstanbul) - Karşıyaka (İzmir) - Nilüfer (Bursa) - Maltepe (İstanbul) - Seferihisar (İzmir) - Şişli (İstanbul) MEMBER TURKISH MUNICIPALITIES - İstanbul BB MEMBER TURKISH MUNICIPALITIES - Beşiktaş (İstanbul) - Eskişehir BB - İstanbul BB - Seferihisar (İzmir) Data source: Covenant of Mayors, Compact of Mayors, C40
Best Practices - Investment Biggest waste incineration facility in Europe: İstanbul Turkey o o o o o o o In a circular economy, priority should be recycling which should be supported by energy recovery. With this facility, there will be a good balance for İstanbul 3000 ton/day municipal waste incineration capacity 15% of household waste of İstanbul Producing 77 MWh energy covering 1,5 million people s electricity need Mitigation of 1 million tco2e per year Saving 100 ha landfill areas Budget: ~600 million Euro Source: İBB, 2017
Summary and Recommendations Turkish Municipalities are still at the beginning of the journey - Turkey and its cities has overwhelming challenges (population increase, quality of housing, environmental challenges such as water and waste, immigration, urban transport, etc), and climate change is not seen as priority (though it is connected) - Low level of awareness and capacity, including most of the metropolitan municipalities - Very few among 1397 municipalities have prepared GHG Inventories and Climate Action Plans - Institutional setup should be strengthened and the integration to master policy/planning documents (such as strategic plans which are requirement of law 5018 or city spatial planning) - International cooperation is not enough and low visibility of Turkish municipalities at the international climate scene (except İstanbul) - Not enough financial sources allocated to climate change issues and Turkey s access to Green Climate Funding is still under negotiation but actions are required NOW!!! Governance, Leadership, Rationalism, Measurement, Enforcement
Thank you very much for listening Rifat Ünal Sayman rsayman@rec.org unalsayman@gmail.com