IJSRD - International Journal for Scientific Research & Development Vol. 5, Issue 01, 2017 ISSN (online): 2321-0613 Experimental Study of Heat Transfer Enhancement in Automobile Radiator using Nanofluids Mayur R. Chaudhari 1 Dr. P. V. Walke 2 Dr. V. M.Kriplani 3 1 Student 2,3 Professor 1,2,3 Department of Mechanical Engineering 1,2,3 G. H. Raisoni College of Engineering, Nagpur 440016, India Abstract the research article presented the forced convective heat of transfer in water solution base nanofluid have carried out experimentally and comparison is made with use of pure water as working medium in automobile radiator. The presented study has been carried out for the different concentrations of nanoparticles with having base fluid of water. The concentration for the nano particles is taken as 0.05, 0.08, 0.1, 0.3and 0.5 vol. %. The results are noted for the mass flow rates of working fluid between 3 to 5 LPM with increment of 1 LPM. Also the temperature varies from 45 o C to 55 o C with increment of 5 o C.Initially the experiment demonstrated on the pure water as working fluid. The results of study shows improvement in heat transfer coefficient with nanofluids. For this study the copper oxide (CuO), aluminium oxide (Al 2O 3) and ferric oxide (Fe 2O 3) are used and finally the comparison is made. Key words: Car Radiator, Heat Transfer Enhancement, Nanofluids NOMENCLATURE A=Area of tube(m 2 ) Cp=Specific heat(j/kg-k) Cp nf=specific heat of nanofluid(j/kg-k) Cp np= Specific heat of nanoparticles(j/kg-k) Cp bf=specific heat of base fluid(j/kg-k) Di=Inner diameter(m) g=acceleration due to gravity(m/sec 2 ) h= heat transfer coefficient(w/m 2 -K) h nf= Convective heat transfer coefficient of nanofluid (W/m 2 -K) K=Thermal conductivity(w/m-k) K nf=thermal conductivity of nanofluid((w/m-k) Lt=Total length (m) m= Mass flow rate (Kg/s) Nu= Nusselt Number Q=Heat transfer rate (W) Qnf =heat gained by nanofluid (W) R= Reynolds s Number Re nf =Reynolds number for nanofluid Tin=Inlet temp.( C) Tout=Outlet temp. ( C) Tw=mean wall temperature( C) Tb=mean bulk temperature( C) V=Velocity(m/s) ρ=density(kg/m 3 ) ρ np =Density of nanoparticle(kg/m 3 ) ρn f=density of nano fluid(kg/m 3 ) ρ bf=density of base fluid(kg/m 3 ) μ=absolute viscosity(n-s/m 2 ) µ nf =Absolute viscosity of nanofluid(n-s/m 2 ) Table 1: Nomenclature I. INTRODUCTION The performance of heat transfer devices are one of the important needs of many industries automobiles for their efficient working. The flow of heat depends on the medium that is used for transferring heat such as engine oil, ethylene glycol and water. S. Choi [1] studied that the fuel could be saved in automotive industries with the advancement and improvement of energy efficient Nano fluids for smaller and lighter radiator efficiently. The main objective of the study is to decrease the weight as well as the size of the vehicle cooling system. Nanofluids helps to decrease the temperature by using coolants as supplement and higher heat emission in the automotive engines. K.Y. Leongetet al. [2] Thermal conductivity for the Nano fluids of the metals and oxide is measured for a different range of particles size and volume fraction to decrease the temperature. Hafiz Muhammad Ali et al. [3] research carried to analysis the characteristics in heat transfer and enhancement in automotive car radiator using based fluid as water with ZnO powder as nanofluids. Thermal performance research of anautomotive car radiator operated with nanofluids has been size up with a radiator using conventional coolants. M.G. Khan et al. [4] have analysis and studied forced convection cross-flow heat transfer of hot air over an array of cold water carrying elliptic tubes. Khan et al. [5] have experimentally investigated studied forced convection cross-flow heat transfer of hot air over an array of cold water consist of elliptic tubes. Their experimental research and investigation was restricted to water as the coolant. Cuevas et al. [6] have experiment and studied the heat transfer performance and analysis of heat transfer phenomena of a louvered fin and flat tube heat exchanger. Mixture of ethylene glycol and water with proper percentage was circulated through the tubes at a supply temperature of 90 C. This fluid was cooled with ambient air of surrounding air at temperature of 25 C. The thermo hydraulic performance (analysis of heat transfer coefficient and friction factor) of the heat exchanger has been compared with the correlations given in the literature. Avramenko et al. [16] made theoretical calculation of the heat transfer percentage increase in laminar flow of a nanofluid over a flat plate. For 1 % concentration of nanofluid results into 5 % nusselt no enhancement. Normally, it is used as a cooling system of the engine and generally water is heat transfer medium for better performance. In the thermal augmentation different techniques were adopted by the researcher to judge the performances of these working fluids. In the thermal management different techniques are adopted. These techniques are efficiently used in the heat transfer augmentation. Now a day popularity of used of nano particles for improving the heat transfer rate in thermal devices. These nano particles plays very vital role in the thermal devices for heat transfer augmentation. The thermal devices are needs to All rights reserved by www.ijsrd.com 876
work between the high temperature heat sources and sink. In the automobile system the used of coolant does not meets the requirement at higher heat operation. The heat transfer devices such as heat exchanger, extended surface, mini channel, micro channel etc. are used for the heat transfer enhancement. The used of nano particles in the base of fluids of car automobile radiators improves the heat transfer rate due to its unique properties of heat accumulation. solution as base fluid is selected as coolant for the car radiator. The experimentation is carried out with different massflow rate with Reynolds number range of 5000 to 13000.The volume for the experimentation is kept in the ranges of 0.05 % to 0.5 %.The experimentation is repeated for better results. II. USE OF ADDITIVES FOR HEAT TRANSFER AUGMENTATIONS The use of additives is widely uses for improving the heat transfer in thermal devices. The uses of additives are effectively improving the performance of thermal devices. The additives consist of liquid droplet or solid particles, which either soluble trace additives or gas bubbles in single phase flows and trace additives which usually minimizes the surface tension of the liquid boiling system. These Additives are refers for a to improve the performance of anything, used of additives in fuel for better combustion, additives in water like ethylene glycol for increasing the heat transfer coefficient. The additives are of different types but solid additives like nano particles are having efficient properties of heat transferring comparatively than the others. The nano particles are oxide of metal; having the diameter in the ranges of below the 100nm. III. NANO FLUID PREPARATION These nano particles are dispersed in the base fluid by different taking for their uniform in the solubility. The base fluid for disperse nano particles are such as water. In past some years the numbers of researches were studied on the used nano fluids for improving heat transfer enhancement. The used of aluminum oxide nanofluid shows the better improvement in the heat transfer. The base fluid was chosen as water along with aluminum oxide nano particles. The experimentation was carried out with different mass flow rate and different volume fraction of metal oxide aluminum. The optimum mass flow rate shows the enhancement in the thermal efficiency [1] [8]. In the some cases of researches the copper oxide nanofluid is used. The base fluid for the study water is selected. The copper oxide nanofluid with the different flow rate enhances the performance with greater extent. The experimentation results show the thermal efficiency increases with the increases in mass flow rate and Reynolds number [10] [12].The used of iron oxide in the thermal performance improvement also shows the better heat transfer enhancement [17].The used of water in different researcher with metal oxide at the different volume fraction and mass flow rate enhance the efficiency. The convective heat transfer rate of different metal oxide is different and shows different heat transfer enhancement. Although some researchers are used silicon and titanium oxide as working fluids in automobile radiators. The heat transfer enhancement in the car radiators is investigated in this research paper for Reynolds number rangesbetween 5000 to 15000. IV. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP Figure 1 shows the schematic of the experimental set-up. The setup consists of different elements as shows in the figure. The aluminum oxide and copper oxide along with water Fig. 1: Experimental set-up The thermocouple is embedding with control unit to note down temperature at different location in the radiators. The pump is used to circulate the water in the system. The mass flow rate of working fluid during experimentation is control with help of flow control valve and rotameter is used to measure the mass flow rate of working fluids. The air flow over radiator is maintained for convection by means of exhaust fan through duct as shown in the figure. The experimentation is repeated each time with different mass flow rate for concentration of base fluid and nano particles respectively. The different eight thermocouples temperatures indicators noted reading for each case. V. NANOFLUID PHYSICAL PROPERTIES The nanoparticles that are used for experimentation is well scattered within the base fluid, and assuming that the particle concentration can be considered uniform all over the system; for the efficient physical properties of the nanofluid and base mixtures studied and evaluating the performance using some conventional formulas as typically used for two phase fluids. These relations have been used to calculate nanofluid physical properties like specific heat, density, viscosity and thermal conductivity at different temperatures and its concentrations. To calculate these physical properties of nanofluid the following correlation were used: (ρc p) nf = φ.(ρc p) p + (1- φ). (ρc p) w (1) ρ nf = φ*ρs + (1- φ) ρs (2) µ nf= µ w (1+2.5 φ) (3) k nf = k p+(n 1)k w φ(n 1)(k w k p ) k k p +(n 1)k w +φ(k w k p ) w (4) The Density of Nano fluids (ρ nf), Specific heat of nanofluid (Cp nf), Viscosity of nanofluid (µ nf), thermal conductivity (k nf )of the all three Nano fluids and n=0.1 calculated using S. M. Peyghambarzadeh, S. H. Hashemabadi, M. Naraki, Y.Vermahmoudi[8]model. Properties CuO Fe2O3 Al2O3 Diameter (nm) 45 30 20 Density (kg/m3) 800 2800 3700 Specific Heat (J/kg-K) 660 580 880 Thermal Conductivity (W/m-K) 62 53 46 Table 1: Properties of Nano-particles. All rights reserved by www.ijsrd.com 877
VI. CALCULATION OF HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT For heat transfer coefficient and corresponding Nusselt number, the following procedure has been performed. According to Newton s cooling law: Q = h A T = h A (T b T w ) (5) Heat transfer rate can be calculated as follows: Q = mc p T = mc p (T in T out ) (6) Regarding the equality of Q in the above equations: N u = h expd hyd k = mc p (T in T out ) (T b T w ) In Equation (7), Nu is average Nusselt number f, m is mass flow rate of working fluid and Cp is fluid specific heat capacity, A is area of radiator tubes (peripheral), T in and T out are inlet and outlet temperatures, T b is bulk temperature average values of inlet and outlet temperature of the fluid moving through the radiator, and Tw is tube wall temperature. In this equation, k is fluid thermal conductivity and D hy is hydraulic diameter of the radiator tube. VII. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS The experimentation is carried out with different mass flow are the temperature for the different conditions were noted down. The reading is noted in such way that the temperature of water is kept constant for three different conditions. The accuracy and reliability of the experimental setup is checked. In the experimentation results is initially carried out on constant inlet temperature of 45 o C, 50 o C and 55 0 C respectively with water as the working fluid. The Nusselt number is gradually increases with increasing for increasing the Reynolds number. From the Fig. 2, 3 and 4, it is observed that there is vol. concentration of above three nanofluid (Al 2O 3, Fe 2O 3, CuO) will cause more turbulence due to which heat transfer rate will increase. As heat transfer coefficient is directly proportional to Nusselt number, Nu=hD h/k i.e. incrementing in heat transfer coefficient increases the Nusselt number. From fig 2 it is observed that increase in Nusselt number is obtained at increasing the % volume concentration at a constant inlet temperature 45 0 C and air flow rate of Al 2O 3/Water based nanofluid as compare to base fluid that is water. (7) Fig. 4: Nusselt number Vs Reynolds number for Fe 2O 3(At From the Fig. 5, 6, and 7 it is observed that there is vol. concentration of Al 2O 3/Water, CuO/water and Fe 2O 3/ water based nanofluid will cause more turbulence due to which heat transfer rate will increase. As heat transfer coefficient is directly proportional to Nusselt number, Nu = hd h/k i.e. increase in heat transfer coefficient increases the Nusselt number. From fig 5, 6, and 7 it is observed that increase in Nusselt number is obtained at increasing the vol. % concentration at a constant inlet temperature 50 0 C and air flow rate of in all three nanofluid. With increasing the inlet temperature of working fluid at same volumetric concentration the Nusselt number increases. With increase in concentration heat enhancement is increase in Al 2O 3 and CuO but in Fe 2O 3 0.3% concentration show the maximum heat enhancement. Fig. 5: Nusselt number Vs Reynolds number for CuO (At Fig. 6: Nusselt number Vs Reynolds number for Al 2O 3 (At Fig. 2: Nusselt number Vs Reynolds number for CuO (At Fig. 3: Nusselt number Vs Reynolds number for Al 2O 3 (At Fig. 7: Nusselt number Vs Reynolds number for Fe 2O 3 (At From the Fig. 8, 9 and 10 it is observed that there is vol. concentration of Al 2O 3/Water and other two water based All rights reserved by www.ijsrd.com 878
nanofluid i.e. CuO and Fe 2O 3will cause more turbulence due to which heat transfer rate will increase. As heat transfer coefficient is directly proportional to Nusselt number, Nu=hD h/k i.e increase in heat transfer coefficient increases the Nusselt number. From fig 8 it is observed that increase in Nusselt number is obtained at increasing the vol. % concentration at a constant inlet temperature 55 0 C and air flow rate of Al 2O 3/Water based nanofluid as compare to base fluid that is water solution. With increasing the inlet temperature of working fluid at same volumetric concentration the Nusselt number increases. It is observed that Al 2O 3/water, CuO/Water based nanofluid has more heat transfer rate in 0.5% of concentration than 0.3% concentrated volume. But in Fe 2O 3 has maximum heat enhance in 0.3% of concentration. Fig. 8: Nusselt number Vs Reynolds number for CuO (At 55 0 C) Fig. 9: Nusselt number Vs Reynolds number for Al 2O 3 (At 55 0 C) Fig. 10: Nusselt number Vs Reynolds number for Fe 2O 3 (At 55 0 C) VIII. CONCLUSION This research paper explores about the experimental study on the heat transfer increment in the automobile radiator measured on three different working nanofluids liquids: Al 2O 3/water CuO/water and Fe 2O 3/water solution based nanofluid at various concentrations and temperatures on the basis of experimentation following conclusion has been made: 1) The used of aluminium oxide, copper oxide and ferric oxide nano particle along with water solution base fluid can augment rate of the heat transfer in the radiator of automobile. The overall heat transfer enhancement in the radiator system depends on the amount that is used for preparation of nanofluids. Finally, at the concentration of 0.5 vol. %, enhancement in the heat transfer is at better extent compared to other concentrated. 2) The flow rate of working fluid circulating within radiator system increases along with increment in the heat transfer coefficient for three nanofluid but heat transfer for CuO is more than Al 2O 3 and Fe 2O 3 water based solution respectively. 3) It is observed that as the concentration increases heat enhancement increases and it is maximum in 0.5% in Al 2O 3 and CuO but in Fe 2O 3 it is maximum in 0.3% concentration. 4) It is noted that that the effective thermal conductivity increase in the variations of nanofluids volume concentrations. The physical properties of nanofluid are not responsible for the improvement in the heat transfer augmentation. 5) With used of copper oxide nanofluid the thermal performance of the car radiator is improves with nearly 49%.The used of aluminium oxide nanofluids also shows the improvement in heat transfer rate comparatively more than ferric oxide Nano fluids but it is less than copper REFERENCES [1] S. Choi, Nanofluids for improved efficiency in cooling systems, in: Heavy Vehicle Systems Review, Argonne National Laboratory, April 18e20, 2006. [2] K.Y. Leong, R. Saidur, S.N. Kazi, A.H. Mamun, Performance investigation of an automotive car radiator operated with nanofluid-based coolants (nanofluid as a coolant in a radiator), Appl. Therm. Eng. 30 (2010) 2685e2692. [3] S.M. Peyghambarzadeh study of fluid dynamic and heat transfer performance of Fe 2O 3 and CuOnanofluids in the tubes of a radiator, Int. Applied Thermal Engineering 52 (2013) 8e16. [4] M.G. Khan, A. Fartaj, D.S.K. Ting, An experimental characterization of crossflow cooling of air via an in-line elliptical tube array, Int. J. Heat Fluid Flow 25 (2004) 636e648. [5] C. Cuevas, D. Makaire, L. Dardenne, P. Ngendakumana, Thermo-hydraulic characterization of a louvered fin and flat tube heat exchanger, Exp. Therm. Fluid Sci. 35 (2011) 154e164. [6] A.A. Avramenko, D.G. Blinov, I.V. Shevchuk, Selfsimilar analysis of fluid flow and heat-mass transfer of nanofluids in boundary layer, Phys. Fluids 23 (2011) 082002. [7] S.M. Peyghambarzadeh, S.H. Hashemabadi, M.S. Jamnani, S.H. Hoseini,Improving the cooling performance of automobile radiator with Al2O3/ water nanofluid, Appl. Therm. Eng. 31 (2011) 1833e1838. [8] W. Duangthongsuk, S. Wongwises, Heat transfer enhancement and pressure drop characteristics of TiO2ewater nanofluid in a double-tube counter flow heat exchanger, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 52 (2009) 2059e2067. [9] A. Zamzamian, S.N. Oskouie, A. Doosthoseini, A. Joneidi, M. Pazouki, Experimental investigation of forced convective heat transfer coefficient in Nano fluids All rights reserved by www.ijsrd.com 879
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