GOVERNMENT Basic functions of government Government economic goals

1 Critical Content/Concept Web Unit Topic: Basic Economic Concepts Conceptual Lens: Scarcity/Economic System Grade: 11 th - Economic GLOBAL PERSPECTIVES GEOGRAPHY Opportunity cost Natural resources Scarcity Factors of production Wants v. needs Unit Topic: Basic Economic Concepts GOVERNMENT Basic functions of government Government economic goals Unit Overview This unit will focus on the language of economics and how economists think and approach issues. It will cover both concepts and individuals that are essential to understanding the basics of economics. This unit will then examine the foundations of our economic system. It will investigate the role of government in the economy at both local and national levels by analyzing the events that are affecting those areas. Other nations systems will be analyzed and comparisons will be done between the various economic systems. Weeks 1-3, 1 st Quarter ECONOMICS Voluntary exchange Marginal cost & benefit Basic economic questions Traditional, Command & Market systems Pillars of American economic system Adam Smith Karl Marx Economics Production Possibilities Curve Incentive Invisible hand Private property Profit Vocabulary/Ideas Marginal cost Trade off Land Labor Physical capital Human capital Monetary capital Adam Smith Karl Marx Traditional Command Voluntary exchange Market Competition Socialism Opportunity cost Scarcity Entrepreneur

2 Grade: 11 th - Economics Unit: Basic Economic Concepts Lens: Scarcity/Economic Systems Enduring Understandings Global Perspectives 1. People make choices based on wants, needs, and costs. 9-12.E.3.1.1 Define scarcity and explain its implications in decision making. 9-12.E.3.1.2 Identify ways in which the interaction of all buyers and sellers influence prices. 2. Scarcity necessitates trade and individual exchange. 9-12.E.3.1.1 Define scarcity and explain its implications in decision making. 3. Resources are managed through economic systems. 9-12.E.3.2.1 Compare and contrast the characteristics of different economic systems. 9-12.E.3.1.3 Identify how incentives determine what is produced and distributed in a competitive market system. 9-12.E.2.4.1 Explain how the factors of production are distributed among geographic regions and how this influences economic growth. 4. Productive resources are limited. 9-12.E.2.4.1 Explain how the factors of production are distributed among geographic regions and how this influences economic growth. 9-12.E.3.1.4 Describe the factors of production. Guiding Questions a. What is a want? Need? b. What is the opportunity cost of choices? c. How do people prioritize their choices? Economics a. What is scarcity? b. Why do people exchange? c. Would we be better off without trade? a. How do markets affect trade? b. Should trade be fair? c. What are the different types of economic systems? d. Which system is the most effective? Geography Government 5. Governments manage economies to meet their goals and maximize the benefit to their citizens. 9-12.E.4.2.1 Explain the basic functions of government in a mixed economic system. a. What is a resource? b. How are resources manipulated to be productive? c. How can specialization increase productivity? a. What is the role of the government in the economy? b. How do governments affect economies? c. What is the difference between free market economies, command economies and socialist economies?

3 Grade: 11 th - Economics Unit: Basic Economic Concepts Lens: Scarcity/Economic Systems AC = Assessment Code: Q Quizzes P - Prompts Critical Content and Skills O Observations WS Work Samples D Dialogues SA Student Self-Assessment T - Tests Students will Know AC Students will be able to do AC 1. People exchange voluntarily because of the perceived benefits. 2. Scarcity causes people to make choices about how to allocate their resources. 3. Opportunity cost looks at decisions by analyzing costs and benefits of alternatives. 4. The 3 basic economic questions determine the economic system. 5. The four factors of production are land (natural resources), labor, capital and entrepreneurship. 6. Economic systems have a mixture of traditional, command and market elements. 7. Karl Marx is considered the father of socialism and influenced the United States and other countries economic systems. 8. Adam Smith is considered the father of capitalism and influenced the United States and other countries economic systems. 9. The pillars of our economic system revolve around private property, profit, and competition. Common Core State Standards for Literacy in History/Social Studies 11-12 Note: All Common Core Objectives will be included in the skills section of each unit. Teachers must include these objectives in their instructional units. Please see pages 20-22 of this document for a complete list of the CCSS for Literacy in History/Social Studies.

4 Critical Content/Concept Web Unit Topic: Supply & Demand Conceptual Lens: Supply and Demand Grade: 11 th - Economics Unit Overview This unit will teach the concepts and laws that are necessary to understand markets, demand, supply, and marginal thinking by investigating various local, regional, and national examples. Students will learn how to use graphs to explain and predict market behaviors. Weeks 4-6, 1 st Quarter Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility Factors that cause supply curve to shift Factors that cause demand curve to shift Price floor Price ceiling Vocabulary/Ideas Marginal thinking Subsidies Quotas Law of Demand Market equilibrium Shortage Surplus Substitute compliments

5 Law of Supply ECONOMICS Law of Demand Law of Supply Shortage & Surplus Market Equilibrium Marginal analysis Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility Factors that shift supply and demand GOVERNMENT Price floors/ceilings Subsidies and quotas Unit Topic: Supply and Demand

6 Grade: 11 th - Economics Unit: Supply & Demand Lens: Supply and Demand Enduring Understandings Economics 1. Markets exist to facilitate trade. 9-12.E.3.1.2 Identify ways in which the interaction of all buyers and sellers influence prices. 2. Markets are most efficient when there is minimal interference. 9-12.E.3.2.2 Explain and illustrate the impact of economic policies and decisions made by governments, business and individuals. 3. Consumers and producers make decisions in a free market. 9-12.E.3.1.2 Identify ways in which the interaction of all buyers and sellers influence prices. Government 4. Governments intervene in markets to protect the public good. 9-12.E.3.1.3 Identify how incentives determine what is produced and distributed in a competitive market system. Guiding Questions a. What is a market? b. How do markets function? c. What is the impact of government intervention in the market? a. How can governments affect markets? b. Why do governments intervene in markets?

7 Grade: 11 th - Economics Unit: Supply & Demand Lens: Supply and Demand AC = Assessment Code: Q Quizzes P - Prompts Critical Content and Skills O Observations WS Work Samples D Dialogues SA Student Self-Assessment T - Tests Students will Know AC Students will be able to AC 1. The laws of demand states that the quantity demanded increases as prices diminish and the quantity demanded decreases as prices increase. 2. The law of supply states that businesses produce more when prices are higher and produce less when prices fall. 3. Market prices tend to be efficient; they minimize shortages and surpluses. 4. Equilibrium is where the quantity supplied equals the quantity demanded. 5. When shortages exist, prices will likely rise and when surpluses exist, prices will likely fall. 6. Subsidies, quotas, price floors, and price ceilings are all forms of market interference, which make markets less efficient. 7. The factors that cause supply and demand curves to shift. (i.e. change in income, input prices, etc.) 8. Supply and demand curves graphically explain market conditions. 9. The law of diminishing marginal utility explains consumer behavior by telling us there comes a point when satisfaction decreases with increased consumption. 10. How to create and interpret charts and graphs. 11. Marginal analysis is when individuals compare the marginal costs and marginal benefits of a decision before they act upon it. Common Core State Standards for Literacy in History/Social Studies 11-12 Note: All Common Core Objectives will be included in the skills section of each unit. Teachers must include these objectives in their instructional units. Please see pages 20-22 of this document for a complete list of the CCSS for Literacy in History/Social Studies.

8 Critical Content/Concept Web Unit Topic: Microeconomics Conceptual Lens: Exchange Grade: 11 th - Economics ECONOMICS Business organizations Mergers Economies of Scale Diminishing Returns Labor unions Entrepreneurship Market structures GOVERNMENT Licensing Patents Copyrights Unit Overview In this unit students will gain knowledge about collective bargaining from labor and management perspectives. Various types of business organizations and market structures will be explored. Government involvement in business will be analyzed. Weeks 7-9, 1 st Quarter Unit Topic: Microeconomics Diminishing marginal returns Economies of scale Mergers (vertical/horizontal) Monopolistic competition Perfect competition Oligopoly Monopoly Vocabulary/Ideas Collective bargaining Sole proprietorship Acquisitions Patents Copyrights Trademarks Partnerships Corporations Externality Free rider Public goods Private goods Common resources

9 Grade: 11 th - Economics Unit: Microeconomics Lens: Exchange Enduring Understandings 1. Entrepreneurs are an important component of economies. 9-12.E.3.3.2 Describe the elements of entrepreneurship. Guiding Questions Economics a. What is an entrepreneur? b. What is the importance of entrepreneurship in our society? 2. Businesses and consumers both gain from interactions with each other. 9-12.E.3.3.1 Explain the characteristics of various types of business and market structures. Government 3. Governments regulate business to protect workers, consumers, and businesses. 9-12.E.3.3.3 Identify the role of the financial markets and institutions. 9-12.E.3.3.4 Explain the purposes of labor unions. a. What are the types of businesses? b. What do businesses contribute to societies? c. What is the role of business? d. How do both businesses and consumers gain from interacting? a. How does government regulate businesses and consumers? b. How does government protect businesses and consumers? c. How does government help or hinder when it becomes involved in business activity?

10 Grade: 11 th - Economics Unit: Microeconomics Lens: Exchange AC = Assessment Code: Q Quizzes P - Prompts Critical Content and Skills O Observations WS Work Samples D Dialogues SA Student Self-Assessment T - Tests Students will Know AC Students will be able to do AC 1. The majority of businesses are organized as forms of proprietorships, partnerships, or corporations. 2. Entrepreneurs have many characteristics, but their most valuable trait is that they know when to take a risk. 3. Larger businesses experience economies of scale. 4. Diminishing marginal returns occurs when increased inputs do not lead to increased productivity. 5. Labor unions can lead to better working conditions and higher wages through collective bargaining. 6. Markets function differently, and affect consumers differently, depending on whether or not they are monopolies, oligopolies, monopolistic competition, or perfectly competitive markets. 7. Mergers benefit companies; they can be categorized as vertical, horizontal, or conglomerate. 8. The government helps protect property rights, including intellectual property, through licensing, patents, copyrights, and trademarks. 9. Governments can correct for externalities 10. Governments provide public goods and those who do not pay for those public goods but still use them are called free riders. Common Core State Standards for Literacy in History/Social Studies 11-12 Note: All Common Core Objectives will be included in the skills section of each unit. Teachers must include these objectives in their instructional units. Please see pages 20-22 of this document for a complete list of the CCSS for Literacy in History/Social Studies.

11 Critical Content/Concept Web Unit Topic: Personal Finance Conceptual Lens: Consumption Grade: 11 th - Economics GLOBAL PERSPECTIVES Budgets Interest Investment Credit Debt ECONOMICS Rate of return Budgets Investing Risk v. reward Unit Overview Students will investigate what it takes to be a knowledgeable consumer. They will be able to identify resources that help advocate consumer rights. Investments and principles of personal finance will be explored as well as how government policies impact consumers. Weeks 1-3, 2 nd Quarter Unit Topic: Personal Finance GOVERNMENT Economic policy Taxation Functions of government Principal Interest Consumer report Budget IPO Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) NASDAQ Vocabulary/Ideas Dividends Risk v. reward Return on investment Better Business Bureau Functions of a bank Functions of a credit union State tax Federal tax FICA tax Stocks Bonds FDIC Mutual funds Credit score NYSE

12 Grade: 11 th Economics Unit: Personal Finance Lens: Consumption Enduring Understandings Global Perspectives 1. Consumers must balance needs and wants with available resources. 9-12.E.3.4.1 9-12.E.3.4.2 Examine and apply the elements of responsible personal fiscal management such as budgets, interest, investment, credit, and debt. Identify and evaluate sources and examples of consumers responsibilities and rights. Guiding Questions a. How is a need different than a want? b. What is debt? c. Why would a consumer go into debt? Economics 2. Investors should always evaluate risk and reward before making decisions. a. What do people invest in? b. What is the relationship between risk and reward? 9-12.E.3.4.1 Examine and apply the elements of responsible personal fiscal management such as budgets, interest, investment, credit, and debt. c. Why do people choose the investments that they do? Government 3. The government tries to balance consumer responsibilities with business rights. a. What rights do consumers have? b. What can consumers do if they feel they have been 9-12.E.3.2.2 Explain and illustrate the impact of economic cheated? policies and decisions made by governments, c. How does the government protect consumers while not business and individuals. infringing on business? 9-12.E.4.2.1 Explain the basic functions of government in a mixed economic system. 9-12.E.3.4.3 Discuss the impact of taxation as applied to personal finances.

13 Grade: 12 th - Economics Unit: Personal Finance Lens: Consumption AC = Assessment Code: Q Quizzes P - Prompts Critical Content and Skills O Observations WS Work Samples D Dialogues SA Student Self-Assessment T - Tests Students will Know AC Students will be able to do AC 1. Budgets are tools to help consumers better manage their resources. 2. There are a variety of resources available to help consumers make educated choices (e.g. Consumer Reports, Better Business Bureau and the State Attorney General s office). 3. When investing, consumers need to compare the risk of the investment to the anticipated return. 4. The purpose of the stock market and the bond market and their influence on investment decisions. 5. Banks, credit unions and financial institutions offer a variety of services that benefit and assist consumers. 6. The role of the FDIC. 7. Rate of return explains what percentage of return you are getting on your investment. 8. The impact of taxation as applied to personal finances (e.g. federal, state, FICA). 9. Factors that impact personal credit. Common Core State Standards for Literacy in History/Social Studies 11-12 Note: All Common Core Objectives will be included in the skills section of each unit. Teachers must include these objectives in their instructional units. Please see pages 20-22 of this document for a complete list of the CCSS for Literacy in History/Social Studies.

14 Critical Content/Concept Web Unit Topic: Macroeconomics Conceptual Lens: Common Good Grade: 11 th - Economics Unit Overview This unit will explore the role banks play, how the Federal Reserve operates and how the government manages fiscal policy. Specific topics will include measurements of economic performance, taxation and the business cycle. Weeks 4-6, 2 nd Quarter GDP v. GNP Frictional unemployment Seasonal unemployment Structural unemployment Cyclically unemployment Wages Unemployment Unemployment insurance Vocabulary/Ideas Discouraged workers Consumer Price Index (CPI) Cost of living Purchasing power Dealing with inflation GDP per capita (standard of living) Federal reserve ratio Open market operations Inflation Business cycle Consumer Report Rate of return Budget deficit National debt Income tax Progressive tax Regressive tax Proportional tax Ability to Pay Principal Benefits Received Principal Discount rate Reserve requirement Keynesian theory Fiscal policy

15 GLOBAL PERSPECTIVES Ricardo Marx Smith Keynes Standard of living Monetary policy Expansionary and Fiscal Monetary Policies Contractionary and Fiscal Monetary Policies HISTORY Great Depression Recessions GOVERNMENT Budget Role of Government Taxes Fiscal policy Unit Topic: Macroeconomics ECONOMICS Principles of taxation Types of taxes Monetary Policy GDP Inflation Unemployment GDP per capita Business Cycle Federal Reserve Fiscal Policy

16 Grade: 12 th - Economics Unit: Macroeconomics Lens: Common Good Enduring Understandings Global Perspectives 1. Societies want governments to improve the standard of living. 9-12.E.3.1.1 Define scarcity and explain its implications in 9-12.E.3.2.2 decision making. Explain and illustrate the impact of economic policies and decisions made by governments, business and individuals. Guiding Questions a. How is standard of living measured? b. How do governments affect people s standard of living? c. How should the government be involved in the economy? Economics 2. Many factors affect the economy. a. What factors affect the economy? (e.g. consumers, 9-12.E.1.4.1 Analyze the impact of events such as wars, businesses, governments, foreign trade, etc.) industrialization, and technological developments b. How is economic progress measured? (e.g. on the business cycle. unemployment, GDP, inflation, GDP per capita). 9-12.E.3.3.3 Identify the role of the financial markets and institutions. c. What is monetary policy? 9-12.E.3.3.5 Explain the difference between monetary policy d. What are the causes for inflation and unemployment? and fiscal policy. 9-12.E.3.3.6 Analyze the various parts of the business cycle and its effect on the economy. e. When should there be government intervention in the economy? Government 3. Governments regulate the economy to meet economic goals. 9-12.E.3.3.5 Explain the difference between monetary policy and fiscal policy. a. What is fiscal policy? b. How does fiscal policy differ from monetary policy? c. Where does the government spend its revenue? d. What are the different forms of taxation and their related issues?

17 Grade: 12 th - Economics Unit: Macroeconomics Lens: Common Good AC = Assessment Code: Q Quizzes P - Prompts Critical Content and Skills O Observations WS Work Samples D Dialogues SA Student Self-Assessment T - Tests Students will Know AC Students will be able to do AC 1. Influential economists throughout history (e.g. Smith, Marx, Keynes, etc.) 2. The components of GDP. 3. Gross Domestic Product (GDP), inflation, unemployment, GDP per capita are indicators of economic performance. 4. One of the federal government s roles in the economy is to manage growth while minimizing inflation and unemployment. 5. How inflation affects purchasing power. 6. The functions of money. 7. Monetary policy is the Federal Reserve System s (Central Bank s) way of managing the economy. 8. The policy tools of the Federal Reserve System. 9. Fiscal policy is Congress and the President s way of setting economic priorities through expenditures and taxation. 10. There are three categories of taxes: progressive, proportional, and regressive. 11. Taxes are based on two principles: ability to pay and benefits-received. 12. Banks affect the money supply through their lending practices. 13. The primary sources of federal revenue and categories of expenditures. 14. Unemployment can be categorized as frictional, structural, seasonal, or cyclical. 15. Analyze the impact of events such as wars, industrialization, and technological developments on the business cycle. Common Core State Standards for Literacy in History/Social Studies 11-12 Note: All Common Core Objectives will be included in the skills section of each unit. Teachers must include these objectives in their instructional units. Please see pages 20-22 of this document for a complete list of the CCSS for Literacy in History/Social Studies.

18 Critical Content/Concept Web Unit Topic: Globalization Conceptual Lens: Interdependence Grade: 11 th - Economics HISTORY Sanctions Agreements Policies GLOBAL PERSPECTIVES Embargos International trade Outsourcing GEOGRAPHY NAFTA EU WTO World Bank IMF Unit Overview This unit will explore the international nature of our economy and why trading benefits societies and creates competition. Students will be introduced to international trade agreements and organizations along with the types of and reasons for trade barriers. Weeks 7-9, 2 nd Quarter GOVERNMENT Foreign policy Trade agreements Tariffs Quotas Embargo Sanctions Unit Topic: Globalization ECONOMICS Comparative advantage Absolute advantage Trade Imports Exports Trade surplus Trade deficit ASEAN OPEC Imports Exports Exchange Rate Foreign policy Outsourcing International trade Quotas Sanctions Embargos GDP Vocabulary/Ideas Resources Education Positive trade balance Negative trade balance NAFTA WTO EU World Bank IMF Comparative advantage Absolute advantage Tariffs Subsidies

Grade: 12 th Economics Unit: Globalization Lens: Interdependence Enduring Understandings Global Perspectives 1. Societies trade to improve economic performance. 9-12.E.5.1.1 Describe the involvement of the United States in international economic organizations and treaties, such as GATT, IMF, and the WTO. 9-12.E.5.1.2 9-12.E.5.1.3 Analyze global economic interdependence and competition. Apply economic concepts to explain the role of imports/exports both nationally and internationally. 2. International trade promotes competition and cooperation. 9-12.E.5.1.3 Apply economic concepts to explain the role of imports/exports both nationally and internationally. Guiding Questions a. What is international trade? b. Why do nations trade? c. How does trade benefit people? d. Why do we have international trade organizations? Economics Geography 3. Geography promotes regional exchange of goods and services. 9-12.E.5.1.2 Analyze global economic interdependence and 9-12.E.5.1.3 competition. Apply economic concepts to explain the role of imports/exports both nationally and internationally. a. What are the differences between a trade deficit and a trade surplus? b. What are the effects of competition? c. What is a comparative advantage? d. What is an absolute advantage? a. What is NAFTA and the EU? b. How does Europe and the rest of the world benefit from the EU? c. What are the following organizations: WTO, ASEAN, IMF, World Bank, OPEC? 19

Grade: 12 th Economics Unit: Globalization Lens: Interdependence Enduring Understandings Government 4. Governments use economics as a tool for diplomacy. 9-12.E.5.1.3 Apply economic concepts to explain the role of imports/exports both nationally and internationally. 9-12.E.4.2.2 Identify laws and policies adopted in the United States to regulate competition. History 5. Economic policies are often based on historical relations. 9-12.E.5.1.1 Describe the involvement of the United States in international economic organizations and treaties, such as GATT, IMF, and the WTO. 9-12.E.5.1.2 9-12.E.5.1.3 Analyze global economic interdependence and competition. Apply economic concepts to explain the role of imports/exports both nationally and internationally. Guiding Questions a. What are tariffs, quotas, sanctions, embargos and free trade agreements? b. What are the reasons for trade barriers? a. What is most favored nation status? b. Why do we use economic sanctions? c. What countries have been sanctioned by the U.S.? d. Why would the United States give trade advantages to some countries but not others? 20

21 Grade: 12 th - Economics Unit: Globalization Lens: Interdependence AC = Assessment Code: Q Quizzes P - Prompts Critical Content and Skills O Observations WS Work Samples D Dialogues SA Student Self-Assessment T - Tests Students will Know AC Students will be able to do AC 1. A comparative advantage is when a country can produce something at a lower opportunity cost than another country. 2. An absolute advantage is when a country can produce more of a good or service than another country. 3. Governments use trade quotas, trade agreements (favored nation status) embargos/sanctions, and tariffs to influence other countries economic and political decisions. 4. Trade quotas, embargoes and tariffs are forms of protectionism. 5. NAFTA and the EU influence trade for mutual benefit between countries. 6. What is meant by a trade balance 7. Exchange rates determine the value at which foreign currency can be traded. 8. The WTO, IMF and the World Bank are examples of international agencies that promote economic prosperity. 9. Factors that contribute to economic growth. Common Core State Standards for Literacy in History/Social Studies 11-12 Note: All Common Core Objectives will be included in the skills section of each unit. Teachers must include these objectives in their instructional units. Please see pages 20-22 of this document for a complete list of the CCSS for Literacy in History/Social Studies. Reading Standards for Literacy in History/Social Studies

The Reading standards specific to the content areas begin at grade 6; standards for K 5 reading in history/social studies, science, and technical subjects are integrated into the K 5 Reading standards. The CCR anchor standards and high school standards in literacy work in tandem to define college and career readiness expectations the former providing broad standards, the latter providing additional specificity. Reading Informational Text RH Key Ideas and Details 11 12.RH.1 Cite specific textual evidence to support analysis of primary and secondary sources, connecting insights gained from specific details to an understanding of the text as a whole. 11 12.RH.2 Determine the central ideas or information of a primary or secondary source; provide an accurate summary that makes clear the relationships among the key details and ideas. 11 12.RH.3 Evaluate various explanations for actions or events and determine which explanation best accords with textual evidence, acknowledging where the text leaves matters uncertain. Craft and Structure 11 12.RH.4 Determine the meaning of words and phrases as they are used in a text, including analyzing how an author uses and refines the meaning of a key term over the course of a text (e.g., how Madison defines faction in Federalist No. 10). 11 12.RH.5 Analyze in detail how a complex primary source is structured, including how key sentences, paragraphs, and larger portions of the text contribute to the whole. 11 12.RH.6 Evaluate authors differing points of view on the same historical event or issue by assessing the authors claims, reasoning, and evidence. Integration of Knowledge and Ideas 11 12.RH.7 Integrate and evaluate multiple sources of information presented in diverse formats and media (e.g., visually, quantitatively, as well as in words) in order to address a question or solve a problem. 11 12.RH.8 Evaluate an author s premises, claims, and evidence by corroborating or challenging them with other information. 11 12.RH.9 Integrate information from diverse sources, both primary and secondary, into a coherent understanding of an idea or event, noting discrepancies among sources. Range of Reading and Level of Text Complexity 11 12.RH.10 By the end of grade 12, read and comprehend history/social studies texts in the grades 11 CCR text complexity band independently and proficiently. Writing Standards for Literacy in History/Social Studies 22

The Writing standards specific to the content areas begin at grade 6; standards for K 5 writing in history/social studies, science, and technical subjects are integrated into the K 5 Writing standards. The CCR anchor standards and high school standards in literacy work in tandem to define college and career readiness expectations the former providing broad standards, the latter providing additional specificity. Writing WHST Text Types and Purposes 11 12.WHST.1 Write arguments focused on discipline specific content. a. Introduce precise, knowledgeable claim(s), establish the significance of the claim(s), distinguish the claim(s) from alternate or opposing claims, and create an organization that logically sequences the claim(s), counterclaims, reasons, and evidence. b. Develop claim(s) and counterclaims fairly and thoroughly, supplying the most relevant data and evidence for each while pointing out the strengths and limitations of both claim(s) and counterclaims in a discipline appropriate form that anticipates the audience s knowledge level, concerns, values, and possible biases. c. Use words, phrases, and clauses as well as varied syntax to link the major sections of the text, create cohesion, and clarify the relationships between claim(s) and reasons, between reasons and evidence, and between claim(s) and counterclaims. d. Establish and maintain a formal style and objective tone while attending to the norms and conventions of the discipline in which they are writing. e. Provide a concluding statement or section that follows from or supports the argument presented. 11 12.WHST.2 Write informative/explanatory texts, including the narration of historical events, scientific procedures/ experiments, or technical processes. a. Introduce a topic and organize complex ideas, concepts, and information so that each new element builds on that which precedes it to create a unified whole; include formatting (e.g., headings), graphics (e.g., figures, tables), and multimedia when useful to aiding comprehension. b. Develop the topic thoroughly by selecting the most significant and relevant facts, extended definitions, concrete details, quotations, or other information and examples appropriate to the audience s knowledge of the topic. c. Use varied transitions and sentence structures to link the major sections of the text, create cohesion, and clarify the relationships among complex ideas and concepts. d. Use precise language, domain specific vocabulary and techniques such as metaphor, simile, and analogy to manage the complexity of the topic; convey a knowledgeable stance in a style that responds to the discipline and context as well as to the expertise of likely readers. 23

24 e. Provide a concluding statement or section that follows from and supports the information or explanation provided (e.g., articulating implications or the significance of the topic). 11 12.WHST.3 (See note below; not applicable as a separate requirement) Note: Students narrative skills continue to grow in these grades. The Standards require that students be able to incorporate narrative elements effectively into arguments and informative/explanatory texts. In history/social studies, students must be able to incorporate narrative accounts into their analyses of individuals or events of historical import. Production and Distribution of Writing 11 12.WHST.4 Produce clear and coherent writing in which the development, organization, and style are appropriate to task, purpose, and audience. 11 12.WHST.5 Develop and strengthen writing as needed by planning, revising, editing, rewriting, or trying a new approach, focusing on addressing what is most significant for a specific purpose and audience. 11 12.WHST.6 Use technology, including the Internet, to produce, publish, and update individual or shared writing products in response to ongoing feedback, including new arguments or information. Research to Build and Present Knowledge 11 12.WHST.7 Conduct short as well as more sustained research projects to answer a question (including a self generated question) or solve a problem; narrow or broaden the inquiry when appropriate; synthesize multiple sources on the subject, demonstrating understanding of the subject under investigation. 11 12.WHST.8 Gather relevant information from multiple authoritative print and digital sources, using advanced searches effectively; assess the strengths and limitations of each source in terms of the specific task, purpose, and audience; integrate information into the text selectively to maintain the flow of ideas, avoiding plagiarism and overreliance on any one source and following a standard format for citation. 11 12.WHST.9 Draw evidence from informational texts to support analysis, reflection, and research. Range of Writing 11 12.WHST.10 Write routinely over extended time frames (time for reflection and revision) and shorter time frames (a single sitting or a day or two) for a range of discipline specific tasks, purposes, and audiences.