Forests Goods and Services Lecture 18 1
What can we get from the forest? 2
Timber Dimension Boards Panels Engineered Pulp (paper) Many kinds Linerboard Fuelwood Firewood Pellets Wood fibre commons.wikimedia.org commons.wikimedia.org pixabay.com 3
How much wood do we use? A 1 wedge per week B 2 wedges per week C 3 wedges per day D 1 wedge per hour wetalkwelisten.wordpress.com 4
NTFP s (Non-timber forest products) Mushrooms Weather dependent May be adversely affected by harvesting May be cultivated Berries First Nations and otherwise Maple sugar Boughs Conifer Floral Christmas trees pixabay.com upload.wikimedia.org pam.wikipedia.org 5
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Forest ecosystem services Direct and indirect benefits promoted by forests Benefits: biodiversity, climate, water and soil 7
Forest ecosystem services related to BIODIVERSITY Wildlife Habitat: food, shelter, water Recreation Aesthetics: foreground and background Access: roads, trails and facilities 8
Mule deer winter range
How often do you go to the forest? A 1 per week B more than 1/month (but less than 1/week) C 1 per month D seldom 10
Forest ecosystem services related to BIODIVERSITY Spiritual First Nations: special and specific All people: changes sense of being Medicinal plants 11
Forest ecosystem services related to CLIMATE Carbon Storage Standing forest Belowground Regulation of air humidity and temperature Air quality (pollution control) 12
Metric Tons Landscape Carbon - Forest by Component Stem Root Crown Litter Dead 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050 2055 2060 2065 2070 2075 2080 2085 2090 2095 Year 13
Forest ecosystem services related to WATER commons.wikimedia.org 14
Forest ecosystem services related to WATER Regulation of water flow Maintenance of water quality Control of erosion and sedimentation Maintenance of aquatic habitat Cultural services: recreation and tourism 15
Forest ecosystem services related to SOIL Control of erosion and sedimentation Retention of water to supply plants need and water table Nutrient cycling Maintenance of fertility Shelter for the microbiota 16
Forest ecosystem services related to SOIL upload.wikimedia.org upload.wikimedia.org maxpixel.freegreatpicture.com 17
Forest Ecosystem Services The demand for ecosystem services has increased in recent years. World population Global economy 18
What are forest ecosystem services worth? It is essential to assign an economic value to ecosystem services. A specific market is pixabay.com necessary. 19
Do you think we should pay for forest ecosystem services? 20
Payment for ecosystem services (PES) New York case 1989: new water treatment regulation High cost of to implement treatment system (US$6 billion) $ 1.5 billion investment: protection plan that guarantees water quality Catskills and Delaware watershed supply 90% of all water used in New York http://www.ourwatercommons.org/sites/default/files/new-york-preserving-the-pristinequality-of-its-drinking-water.pdf 21
Payment for ecosystem services (PES) Mexico case Federal government pays landowners who preserve their forests and watershed areas. It uses carbon credits to finance agroforestry projects and thus reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The French company Vittel pays landowners to reduce the use of fertilizers and contain water contamination near their water sources. 22
Payment for ecosystem services (PES) Costa Rica case Main objectives Reduction of greenhouse gases (GHG) Watersheds conservation Biodiversity Scenic beauty/ Aesthetics 23
Payment for ecosystem services (PES) Costa Rica case Forest conservation: U$64/ha/ano up yto 5 years(2 300 ha) Reforestation: U$196/ha/ano up to 15 anos (1 300 ha) Agroforestry: U$0,43/árvore/ano up to 5 anos (350 3500 trees) Watersheds conservation: U$67/ha/ano Necessity of a sustainable forest management plan Resources for payments provide from oil taxes (3,5%) 24
Payment for ecosystem services (PES) Brazil case Oil and gas royalties are often used to finance protected areas. Bolsa Floresta Program, in the Brazilian Amazon state of Amazonas, includes payments to individual families, in addition to programs of community organization, social benefits, and alternative income projects. Main objective is to recognize, value and encourage landowners to keep healthy forests. Annual amount paid is proportional to the amount of area not deforested. Value payed is U$ 16/month. 25