Advance Integrated Pest Management DSS-5000 Instructor Jacob A. Price
Things to keep in mind Agriculture affected by Variety of different organisms Different from a natural ecological system Monoculture vs. Polyculture Affected differently by the organisms within Welcome to advanced IPM
What is integrated pest management (IPM) A broad-based approach that integrates a range of practices for economic control of pests Use current, comprehensive information on the life cycles of pests and their interaction with the environment Economical, least possible hazard to people property, and environment Common sense!!!!!!!
Where used Integrated pest management can be used in both an agricultural or rural setting. Home pest control Commercial /business School Environmental /human health We will focus on agricultural use of pest management.
Go to method of control Pesticides World pesticide expenditures (EPA estimations) $25.8 billion in 2006 > $39.4 billion in 2007 40% was herbicides > insecticide > fungicides > others 2007-877 million pounds of active ingredients were applied to U.S. cropland- $7.9 billion
Grube et al., 2011
Grube et al., 2011
What is a pest Organism causes economic or aesthetic losses or when they create inconvenience, annoyance, or health problems Estimated 600 species of insects 1,800 species of plants Many fungi and nematodes
History of Pest control Early belief- Gods were responsible for disease and infestation 1800 s- moved more to ecology as the foundation of plant protection Early 2000 s Pest control viewed as a set of actions taken to avoid impact of pests 1940 s-50 s- dark ages of IPM Based on chemical application of insecticides Organosynthetic insecticides e.g. DDT
DDT
Beginning of IPM First cited by Hoskins, et al. 1939. "... biological and chemical control are considered as supplementary to one another or as the two edges of the same sword... nature's own balance provides the major part of the protection that is required for the successful pursuit of agriculture...
Beginning of IPM True managed integrated control- Michelbacher and Bacon, 1952 Management of codling moth and walnut pests. Stressed the importance of program development Optimized multi-component approach Selection of appropriate methods Most effective means of application
Beginning of IPM Book Silent Spring 1962 by Rachel Carson Talked about the dangers of the overuse of pesticides on the environment and human health Pesticide use peaked in 1988
Need for reductions in pesticide use National Research council- 1995 Pest resistance and other problems created a urgent need for alternative approaches to pest management. Strategies to complement and partially replace current chemically based pest management. Needed a decision support system for the selection and use of pest control tactics.
What does IPM mean Possibility of improving the effectiveness of pest control and reduce negative effects People, property, and the environment Main idea Reduces the population of pests below an economic threshold, not to completely eliminate the pest population
Integrated Pest Management Integrated- focus on interactions of pests, crops, the environment and control methods Considers all available strategies and tactics 1. Strategies- general approaches used Preventive, containment, corrective or remedial 2. Tactics- The specific methods used Cultural, biological, genetic, chemicals and regulatory procedures.
Integrated Pest Management Pest- an organism that conflicts with our profit, heath, or convenience Must exist in numbers that seriously affect these factors Management- a way to keep pests below the levels were they cause economic damage Does not mean eradication Tactics are effective, economical, and minimize environmental damage
Consider the big picture Management unit is the agroecosystem: Dynamic association of crops, pastures, livestock, other flora and fauna, soils, water and the atmosphere. Comprises between 43 and 46% of total terrestrial acres in the 50 states (EPA, 2010). Air water Humans Agriculture Soil Miami university
Agroecosystem pest control Primary means to regulate pest populations, naturally Environmental affects Natural enemies Initiate strategies to help primary means When primary means fail Integrate secondary measures for control in combination with natural activities (curative)
Groups of pests Common pest groups affecting agriculture 1. Invertebrates 2. Weeds 3. Disease agents or pathogens- bacteria, viruses, fungi, nematodes, exc.
Becoming pests How do plants and animals become pests 1. Introduction of foreign organisms 2. Host shifts in native organisms 3. Changes in cropping systems 4. Changes in food quality standards
Types of pest damage 1. Indirect Damage- feeds on nonmarketable portion of plant, causing yield loss 2. Direct Damage- Feeds on marketable portion of the plant causing quality and quantity loss. 3. Vector Diseases- insect transmits organism that causes plant disease causing yield and quality losses 4. Contamination- presence of insects, insect parts or insect products make produce less valuable, causing quality loss.
Strategy of IPM To prevent pests from reaching economically or aesthetically damaging levels With least risk to environment Based on Exclusion? Identification Measurement of populations Assessment of damage levels Knowledge of management strategies
Regulatory procedures Exclusion- First line of defense Not allowing entrance of pathogen/hosts into areas were the pathogen does not exist e.g. Citrus Canker Foundation of exclusion Identity of the pathogen Knowledge of life cycle Natural and man-made pathways Host range
Regulation Goals of regulatory actions Prevent or delay entry After entry, to prevent infection After infection, to prevent establishment If established, minimize spread Overall goal is exclusion, containment or suppression, finally eradication
Regulation The Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) created in 1972 is responsible for protecting the U.S. agriculture from invasive pests and diseases Plant protection Act- gives USDA authority to regulate and to prohibit or restrict the importation, exportation, and the interstate movement of plants, plant products, certain biological control organisms, noxious weeds, and plant pests Regulates GMO organisms
Pest Identification Scouting- identifies pests early Sampling to provide an accurate estimate of pest densities and crop health Identification of pest or diagnosis of crop injury Comparison of pressure to economic injury thresholds TAMU TAMU
Sampling Larger the sample size- more accurate the results Balance between representation and feasibility e.g. time, energy, money, labor Minimize bias in collection Can be normally distributed or clustered Three main sampling techniques Random Systematic Stratified
Random sampling 1. Random 1. Least biased- equal chance of selection 2. Random numbers used for grid sampling Disadvantages Could lead to poor representation Practical constraints RGS-IGB
Systematic sampling Using a grid or intersecting lines- collection at each point or transect line sampling More straight-forward than random Good coverage of the study area Disadvantage Increases bias Under or over representation RGS-IGB
Stratified sampling Takes into account differences in environment and field site Can be taken randomly or systematically Results more representative of entire field Comparisons between subsets Disadvantages Subsets must be unknown and are not always available RGS-IGB
Pest patterns In many cases knowing the possible pests will help to determine pest sampling patterns 1. Pests expected to be uniformly spread throughout the field European corn borer, corn rootworm adults 2. Pests concentrated to particular areas of the field- e.g. wet areas, different soil texture Phytopthora root rot, nematodes 3. Pests appear at the field edges first Spider mites, grasshoppers, wheat streak
Sampling techniques Sweep nets Portable suction devices Sticky traps Pheromone traps Visual observation Pan traps Pitfall traps TAMU
Sampling methods Different pests will have different sampling methods. Best practice Scout many areas of the field Use most efficient coverage
Information you need Know the plant Know the signs of damage Know the crop condition Identify the possible pest Know the growth stage of the pest Is infestation increasing or decreasing Determine the distribution that needs treatment
What to look for Pest symptoms Stunting Wilting Discoloration from disease Pest signs Parts of the insect Feeding damage Fecal matter Bacterial ooze
Injury due to type of pest Tissue injury Structural Leaves Roots and stems Reproductive tissues flowers/fruits System injury Competition from pests (weeds/parasitic plants) Competition for water, nutrients, light, space Allelopathy (biochemical production) Seed contamination Interference with farm implements
Scouting for insects and pathogens Diseased/percent infection/infestation will be different depending on the pathogen Number of insects/leaf Number of lesions/leaf Number infected plant/row Percent damaged fruit
Scouting for weeds Scattered- Weeds present but very few plants within the field Slight- weeds scattered through the field an average of no more than 1 plant per 3 feet of row Moderate- Fairly uniform concentration of weeds Severe- uniform concentration 1 plant per foot of row for broadleaf weeds and 3 plants per foot of row for grasses
Once identified Must know the life cycle, growth habit, and environment Compare the costs and benefits of various control methods Make plans for the future- not all tactics can be enacted immediately Cultural such as tillage management, crop rotation
Benefits to management Maintain balanced ecosystem Reduced loss of non-target (beneficial insects) Reductions in resistance development Improves target placement Reduces unnecessary use exposure, cost to producer and environment
How do we determine if treatment is needed? What is the relationship between cost and benefit?
Economic levels Any pest can exist at a tolerable level Idea of IPM is not eradication Considerations Cost of control measures Crop value Damage level $ Typically- loss is directly proportional to pest population density
Terms Economic definition Injury- physical harm or destruction to a valued commodity Damage- monetary losses due to injury Economic damage- when cost of preventable crop damage exceeds cost of control ED= cost of treatment/crop value
Pest damage curve 1. No yield response 2. Positive yield response 3. Yield loss 4. Decreasing yield loss 5. No additional yield loss per unite injury
Economic injury level Economic injury level (EIL)-level where costs of pest management equal the benefits from the management Control methods initiated before this level. Consider cost of pest control and crop value
When to take action Economic threshold (ET)- the pest population density at which a pest control action is taken Pesticide, biological control, cultural control exc. Prevents population from reaching the EIL ET can be higher or lower depending on the many factors When ascetics are a factor (fruit) Crop has a high value
Seasonal fixed ET Examples of fixed ET for a given crop at a given time (percentage of EIL) Can lead to over or under estimation EIL 1 = 320 insects/plant EIL 2 = 530 insects/plant ET 1 = 90% EIL 1 = 288 insects/plant ET 2 = 90% EIL 2 = 477 insects/plant
Descriptive ETs Use a description of the population growth Based on current research of modeling for future growth. Many factors can affect this environment, predators Pedigo, 2013
Control tactic and ET Some treatments are slower to take affect than others This affects ET E.g. pesticide fast acting Biological control slow acting
Factors affecting ET 1. Current value of the crop 2. Stage of development (Why) 3. Degree of damage caused under various environmental conditions 4. Cost and effectiveness of control measures 5. Anticipated yield
Evaluating IPM 1. Monitor field and pest conditions, keep records 2. Record control measures, dates, weather conditions, timing and cost exc 3. Research- compare effectiveness- Have controls and look at different methods Subjective ET- based on observational data (yield response) Objective ET- based on research data (% infestation= % damage)
Questions????