ADVANCING SUSTAINABILITY AND SECURITY GOALS USING ARCHITECTURAL SMART GLASS Presented at the National Building Museum by: Gregory M. Sottile, Ph.D. Research Frontiers Inc. January 25, 2011 Research Frontiers Inc.
Introduction Thank you for this opportunity. Today s presentation: summarizes energy use in United States buildings. describes architectural smart glass. discusses how architectural smart glass can advance sustainability and security goals in buildings. Advancing Sustainability and Security Goals Using Architectural Smart Glass 2
All U.S. Buildings: Energy Consumption All U.S. buildings: commercial, residential and industrial. Annual growth, 2010-2030: approximately 0.8% Approximately: 40% of primary energy used in US 75% of electricity U.S. building stock: approximately 254.3 billion ft2. Public buildings: approximately 17.8 billion ft2 (7% of total) Advancing Sustainability and Security Goals Using Architectural Smart Glass 3
U.S. Commercial and Residential Buildings COMMERCIAL 2010: 76% existing 24% new 1) Based on PNNL calculations. 2) Built after 2000. 4) EIA now excludes parking garages and commercial buildings on multi-building manufacturing facilities from the commercial building sector. RESIDENTIAL 2010: 85% existing 15% new (1) Built after 2000 Advancing Sustainability and Security Goals Using Architectural Smart Glass 4
U.S. Commercial and Residential Buildings: Aggregate Energy Expenditures > $400 billion/year (2006 dollars (adjusted for inflation)) Advancing Sustainability and Security Goals Using Architectural Smart Glass 5
U.S. Commercial and Residential Buildings: Primary Energy Consumption Increasing dependence on electricity Advancing Sustainability and Security Goals Using Architectural Smart Glass 6
U.S. Commercial and Residential Buildings: Primary Energy Consumption by Fuel Type Advancing Sustainability and Security Goals Using Architectural Smart Glass 7
U.S. Commercial and Residential Buildings: Energy Consumption by End-Use Splits HEATING & COOLING = 32.5% LIGHTING = 17.7% Advancing Sustainability and Security Goals Using Architectural Smart Glass 8
Example: Contributions to Cooling Requirements (10,000 ft2 Office Building) Windows (30%) + Lighting (19%) = 49% of total contribution Advancing Sustainability and Security Goals Using Architectural Smart Glass 9
Fenestration in U.S. Buildings Insulating Glass Historical Penetration, by Sector (% of Total U.S. Usage, i.e. Sales ) 1 Despite the increasing sales penetration of insulating glass, fully 43% of the widows in the U.S. are still single glazed (i.e. non-ig). 2 Advancing Sustainability and Security Goals Using Architectural Smart Glass 10
High-Performance Buildings U.S. EISA-2007 Legislation A high-performance commercial building that is designed, constructed, and operated: to require a greatly balanced quantity of energy to operate; to meet the balance of energy needs from sources of energy that do not produce greenhouse gases; in a manner that will result in no net emissions of greenhouse gases; and to be economically viable. Advancing Sustainability and Security Goals Using Architectural Smart Glass 11
High-Performance Buildings: Energy Efficiency, Occupant Well-Being, Security Does the building excel at its intended purpose? Energy efficiency Occupant comfort, health Worker productivity Learning rates in schools Sales in retail environments Security More Advancing Sustainability and Security Goals Using Architectural Smart Glass 12
LEED : Holistic View of Green Building and Sustainability EXAMPLE: LEED 2009 for New Construction and Major Renovations CATEGORY POSSIBLE POINTS Sustainable Sites 26 Water Efficiency 10 Energy and Atmosphere 35 Materials and Resources 14 Indoor Environmental Quality 15 Innovation and Design Process Regional Priority Credits 4 6 TOTAL 110 INCLUDES: Indoor air quality (IAQ) Controllability of systems Thermal comfort Daylight and views Exceptional and/or innovative performance above LEED requirements Advancing Sustainability and Security Goals Using Architectural Smart Glass 13
Smart Glass Energy Efficiency Occupant Well- Being Security SMART GLASS Advancing Sustainability and Security Goals Using Architectural Smart Glass 14
Smart Glass Glazing/Fenestration products whose light-control properties change in response to a stimulus Smart Glass Windows Doors Skylights Partitions Advancing Sustainability and Security Goals Using Architectural Smart Glass 15
Various Terms for Smart Glass Smart Glass Chromogenic Glazings Dynamic Glazings Smart Windows Dimmable Windows Switchables Switchable Glass Variable Tint Glass Advancing Sustainability and Security Goals Using Architectural Smart Glass 16
Smart Glass: Industry Definitions ASTM International: Chromogenic Glazings A glazing consisting of one or more layers of chromogenic materials, which are able to alter their optical properties in response to a change in ambient conditions such as illumination intensity, temperature, or applied electric field. Advancing Sustainability and Security Goals Using Architectural Smart Glass 17
Smart Glass: Industry Definitions NFRC: Dynamic Glazings Any fenestration product with the ability to change its performance properties, allowing the occupant to control their environment by tinting (or darkening) a window with the flip of a switch or by raising and lowering a shade positioned between panes of glass. Advancing Sustainability and Security Goals Using Architectural Smart Glass 18
Smart Glass is Not New Electrochromic automotive mirrors Worldwide demand in 2009 > 14 million mirrors 1 Photochromic eyewear 18% of eyeglass lenses sold in the U.S. 2, up from approximately 13% in 2003 3 Advancing Sustainability and Security Goals Using Architectural Smart Glass 19
Evolving Smart Glass Industry Small Area Auto mirrors Eyewear Lenses Large Area Windows & skylights Doors Partitions Sunroofs Advancing Sustainability and Security Goals Using Architectural Smart Glass 20
Aerospace Smart Glass/Polycarbonate Advancing Sustainability and Security Goals Using Architectural Smart Glass 21
Automotive Smart Glass Advancing Sustainability and Security Goals Using Architectural Smart Glass 22
Automotive Sunroofs Using Smart Glass: Example Advancing Sustainability and Security Goals Using Architectural Smart Glass 23
Architectural Smart Glass Advancing Sustainability and Security Goals Using Architectural Smart Glass 24
Smart Glass: A Growing Segment of the U.S. Glass Market Smart glass demand is projected to grow 20X faster than demand for flat glass overall. Advancing Sustainability and Security Goals Using Architectural Smart Glass 25
Types of Smart Glass Smart Glass Passive Active Photochromic Thermochromic Electrochromic (EC) Liquid Crystal (PDLC) Passive smart glass responds to non-electrical stimuli and is not controllable. Suspended Particle Device (SPD) Active smart glass responds to an electrical stimulus and is controllable manually or automatically. Advancing Sustainability and Security Goals Using Architectural Smart Glass 26
Active Smart Glass: Electrochromic (EC) Advancing Sustainability and Security Goals Using Architectural Smart Glass 27
Active Smart Glass: Liquid Crystal (LC) Also known as polymer dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC) technology. Advancing Sustainability and Security Goals Using Architectural Smart Glass 28
Active Smart Glass: Suspended Particle Device (SPD) Advancing Sustainability and Security Goals Using Architectural Smart Glass 29
Active Smart Glass: Comparison of Performance Characteristics CHARACTERISTIC Light-control Effect ELECTROCHROMIC (EC) Shading (Dark to clear) LIQUID CRSYSTAL (LC) Diffusing (Translucent and clear) SUSPENDED PARTICLE DEVICE (SPD) Shading (Dark to clear) Powered State Dark Clear Clear Visible Light Transmission (VLT) (approx.) in Darkest State Switching Speed and Consistency Number of Light-Control States >3.0% >55% <0.5% Slow (minutes), slower as window size increases Milliseconds, regardless of window size 1-3 seconds, regardless of window size Typically 2 2 Infinite Voltage DC AC AC Advancing Sustainability and Security Goals Using Architectural Smart Glass 30
Smart Glass: Product and Project Types Occupant Well-Being Energy Efficiency SMART GLASS Security IGUs and Single Panels for: New construction Replacements Retrofits Advancing Sustainability and Security Goals Using Using Architectural Smart Smart Glass Glass 31
Smart Glass & Energy Efficiency: Variable Heat-Control Smart glass products typically block 99% of UV 3% 44% Typically managed by spectrally selective coatings (e.g. low-e) Dynamically controllable by smart glass Advancing Sustainability and Security Goals Using Architectural Smart Glass 32
Smart Glass & Energy Efficiency: Variable Heat-Control 60% Solar Heat Gain Coefficients: Examples of Two Smart Glass Configurations 57% Dynamic control of incoming solar energy: 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% SHGC 29% 6% Smart Glass/Dark 25% Smart Glass/Clear Northern Zone Southern Zone Harvest heat on cold days (reduce energy for heating) Reject heat on hot days (reduce energy for cooling) Adapt to varying conditions and needs during the day Advancing Sustainability and Security Goals Using Architectural Smart Glass 33
Smart Glass & Energy Efficiency: Variable Heat-Control CASE STUDY Problem Residential home 3 large skylights in kitchen Desire for natural light Excessive heat gain in summer High energy bills, occupants uncomfortable Solution Retrofits (SPD); structural integrity of initial skylight installation preserved Dynamic heat control Result 22% reduction in zoned heating (year-overyear, July and August) Occupant comfort improved Advancing Sustainability and Security Goals Using Architectural Smart Glass 34
University of Cambridge Study Smart Building Envelopes CONCLUSIONS FOCUS: The associated reduction in energy cooling required to maintain a user comfortable room environment. Laboratory testing Real-world testing Environmental modeling Suspended Particle Device (SPD) smart glass used in windows was significantly more energy efficient than regular clear float glass. Solar gain was found to be reduced by as much as 90% through SPD smart glass. Contributing to substantial reduction in annual cooling loads. Advancing Sustainability and Security Goals Using Architectural Smart Glass 35
Smart Glass & Energy Efficiency: Daylighting Daylighting A design strategy that employs the available daytime exterior light to illuminate the interior of buildings. Goals: Satisfy task and ambient lighting needs with natural daylight Reduce energy used for artificial lighting Improve occupant comfort Advancing Sustainability and Security Goals Using Architectural Smart Glass 36
Smart Glass & Energy Efficiency: Daylight Harvesting Economic Benefits of Daylight Harvesting Potential annual savings of 35% to 60% on lighting energy. Advancing Sustainability and Security Goals Using Architectural Smart Glass 37
Smart Glass & Energy Efficiency: Daylight Harvesting Example: Typical Office, Windows/Skylights with 9AM 5PM SMART GLASS (e.g. T-Vis Range: 1-50%) Integrated System: Glazing and Shading as Single Unit (Low maintenance) Glazing in clear state; harvest natural light; reduce use of energy for artificial lighting STATIC TINT (e.g. T-vis 30%) & CONVETIONAL WINDOW TREATMENT Multi-Component System: Glazing (with Tint) and Window Treatments are Distinct Components (Higher maintenance) 9AM 5PM Glazing s tint too light-blocking; increased energy used for artificial lighting to satisfy task/ambient needs 1PM Glazing in optimally tinted state to balance energy and task/ambient lighting needs 1PM Glazing in optimally tinted state to balance energy and task/ambient lighting needs Advancing Sustainability and Security Goals Using Architectural Smart Glass 38
Smart Glass and Occupant Well-Being Distinctive Features of Smart Glass Reduction of Glare Shading with View Preservation Daylighting (including thermal comfort) Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Advancing Sustainability and Security Goals Using Architectural Smart Glass 39
Smart Glass and Occupant Well-Being Glare Control Glare from windows detracts from worker performance 1 Shading with View Preservation Adequate and pleasing window view contributes positively to worker performance 1 Daylighting Improved learning rates in schools with the most daylight 2 Higher retail sales in daylit versus non-daylit stores 3 Thermal Comfort Solar heat gain control 4 Advancing Sustainability and Security Goals Using Architectural Smart Glass 40
Smart Glass and Occupant Well-Being Improved Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Window and shading system as a single unit Smooth as glass surface is easily cleaned Accumulation of particulates and germs is minimized Health care facilities: Risk of nosocomial infections is reduced. Advancing Sustainability and Security Goals Using Architectural Smart Glass 41
Smart Glass and Security: Occupants and Facilities Visual Security Automated Light-Control Preserve or Inhibit Views On-Demand Structural Security Laminated Fabrications Blast-resistance Ballistic-resistance Anti-eavesdropping RF Sheltering Advancing Sustainability and Security Goals Using Architectural Smart Glass 42
Smart Glass: Conclusion HIGH-PERFORMANCE BUILDINGS Energy Efficiency Occupant Well- Being SMART GLASS Security Energy Efficiency Solar Control Daylight Harvesting Occupant Well-Being Reduction of Glare Shading with View Preservation Daylighting Solar heat gain control Security (Occupants and Facilities) Visual Security Structural Security Advancing Sustainability and Security Goals Using Using Architectural Smart Smart Glass Glass 43
Sources PAGE 3: All U.S. Buildings: Energy Consumption Testimony of Edward Mazria (Architecture 2030) before the United States Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources Building Sector Energy Policy Issues, February 26, 2009. PAGE 4: U.S. Commercial and Residential Buildings 2009 Buildings Energy Data Book, U.S. Department of Energy. PAGE 5: U.S. Commercial and Residential Buildings: Energy Expenditures 2009 Buildings Energy Data Book, U.S. Department of Energy. PAGE 6: U.S. Commercial and Residential Buildings: Primary Energy Consumption 2009 Buildings Energy Data Book, U.S. Department of Energy. PAGE 7: U.S. Commercial and Residential Buildings: Primary Energy Consumption by Fuel Type 2009 Buildings Energy Data Book, U.S. Department of Energy. PAGE 8: U.S. Commercial and Residential Buildings: Energy Consumption by End-Use Splits 2009 Buildings Energy Data Book, U.S. Department of Energy. PAGE 9: Example: Contributions to Cooling Requirements (10,000 ft2 Office Building) U.S. Department of Energy, as cited by APS (http://www.aps.com/_files/services/buswaystosave/envelope.pdf) Advancing Sustainability and Security Goals Using Architectural Smart Glass 44
Sources PAGE 10: Fenestration in U.S. Buildings 1.) 2009 Buildings Energy Data Book, U.S. Department of Energy, 2.) Helms, J.H., Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, (2002), Measured Winter Performance of Storm Windows. PAGE 11: High-Performance Buildings Zero Energy Commercial Buildings Consortium, Net-Zero Energy: A Directional Goal for Commercial Buildings, http://zeroenergycbc.org/index.php. PAGE 12: High-Performance Buildings: Energy Efficiency AND Occupant Well-Being Photos credits - Innovative Glass Corp. and Research Frontiers Inc. PAGE 13: LEED : Holistic View of Green Building and Sustainability U.S. Green Building Council, LEED 2009 for New Construction and Major Renovations PAGE 15: Smart Glass Photo credit - Research Frontiers Inc. PAGES 17-18: Smart Glass: Industry Definitions 1.) ASTM International, and 2.) National Fenestration Rating Council (NFRC) Advancing Sustainability and Security Goals Using Architectural Smart Glass 45
Sources PAGE 19: Smart Glass is Not New 1.) Gentex Corporation, 10-K, and 2.) Heiting, G., (2010), All About Vision, Photochromic Lenses, and 3.) Schell, J.F. (2008), Eyecare Business, Photochromic Phenomenon. PAGE 21: Aerospace Smart Glass/Polycarbonate Photos: 1.) Nextant Aerospace (upper left), and 2.) InspecTech Aero Service, Inc. PAGE 22: Automotive Smart Glass Photo credits (clockwise from upper left): 1.) Hino Motors, Ltd., 2.) DiMora Motor Car Company, 3.) Isoclima S.p.A., and 4.) Elite Auto Tune. PAGE 23: Automotive Sunroofs Using Smart Glass: Example Video: Research Frontiers Inc. PAGE 24: Architectural Smart Glass Photo credits 1.) SmartGlass International (upper left), and 2.) Innovative Glass Corp. PAGE 25: Smart Glass: A Growing Segment of the U.S. Glass Market The Freedonia Group, (2008), Advanced Flat Glass to 2012. PAGE 27: Active Smart Glass: Electrochromic (EC) www.how StuffWorks.com Advancing Sustainability and Security Goals Using Architectural Smart Glass 46
Sources PAGE 28: Active Smart Glass: Liquid Crystal (LC) www.how StuffWorks.com PAGE 29: Active Smart Glass: Suspended Particle Device (SPD) 1.) www.how StuffWorks.com, and 2.) Video from Research Frontiers Inc. PAGE 30: Active Smart Glass: Comparison of Performance Characteristics Research Frontiers analysis of various industry sources PAGE 32: Smart Glass & Energy Efficiency: Variable Heat-Control National Renewable Energy Lab, Reference Solar Spectral Irradiance: Air Mass 1.5, http://rredc.nrel.gov/solar/spectra/am1.5/. PAGE 33: Smart Glass & Energy Efficiency: Variable Heat-Control DSET Laboratories, a division of Atlas Material Testing Technology, in accordance with ASTM and ASHRAE testing and calculation protocols, using samples of SPD smart glass. PAGE 34: Smart Glass & Energy Efficiency: Variable Heat-Control 1.) Photos credit Innovative Glass Corp., and 2.) Case study supplied by Research Frontiers Inc. PAGE 35: University of Cambridge Study Smart Building Envelopes University of Cambridge, Department of Engineering, June 2010, Smart Building Envelopes, released by SmartGlass International Ltd. Advancing Sustainability and Security Goals Using Architectural Smart Glass 47
Sources PAGE 36: Smart Glass & Energy Efficiency: Daylighting 1.) American Institute of Architects, AIA 50/50, and 2.) Photo credit Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. PAGE 37: Smart Glass & Energy Efficiency: Daylight Harvesting New Buildings Institute as cited by Archi-Tech Magazine, 2008 PAGE 40: Smart Glass and Occupant Well-Being Sources. 1.) California Energy Commission, (2003), Windows and Offices: A Study of Office Worker Performance and the Indoor Environment, 2.) California Energy Commission, (2003), Daylighting in Schools: Reanalysis Report, 3.) California Energy Commission, (2003), Daylight and Retail Sales, and 4.) University of Cambridge, Department of Engineering, June 2010, Smart Building Envelopes, released by SmartGlass International Ltd. PAGE 41: Smart Glass and Occupant Well-Being Photo credit Research Frontiers Inc. Advancing Sustainability and Security Goals Using Architectural Smart Glass 48