IMTA in an international context and the applications of harvested biomass Dr Stefan Kraan Ocean Harvest Technology Ltd, Horsen, Denmark, 16/6/15
Thierry Chopin
Conclusions
Salmon farming Estimated that 9.5 kg P and 78 kg N per ton of fish are released into the water FCR (1.5) and the contents in the feed are 0.9% P and 7.2% N (Ackefors and Enell; 1994) Current FCR salmon 1.1 = 7.0 kg P and 49.3 kg N per ton of fish per year Global farmed salmon production 1.2 million tons in 2014 Represents a worldwide nutrification of coastal waters by 4509 t P and 31,754 t N Each habitat can carry only a certain level of monoculture before disquilibrium develops
Denmark 350 t N per year from marine farms (Holdt, ISAP 2015) IMTA (trout, mussel, seaweed) Fish 2200 t = produce 80 t N Mussel 8,000 ton extract 105 t N Seaweed 700 ton extract 2.8 t N N quota
FAO 2013 Global: seaweed cultivated 23.5 m tonnes ca. 96% of total seaweed capture Worth ca. 4.5 Bn Grows by5-6% per year
Seaweed harvesting and aquaculture in Europe (FAO 2007) Capture 2007 Captur e 2013 Aquaculture 2007 Ireland 30,000 29,500 5 42 Aqua 2013 UK 2,000 0 1 0 (SAMS 4) Denmark? 0 40,000 Norway 148,322 140,366 Start 2007 IMTA 1 ton France 64,723 68,543 37 350 Portugal 253 801 1 2 Spain 525 525 0 2 Italy 1,850 1200 0 0 Iceland 21,470 18,079 0 0 0 (5 via sulefisk)
Seaweed aquaculture and Europe Why no development at an industrial scale? Large wild stocks Mechanical harvesting Labour costs high Import raw material from Asia Food applications minor The demand for seaweeds for food, cosmetics, thalassotherapy, functional food, nutraceuticals and healthcare met by harvesting natural stocks
Europe Seaweed aquaculture as stand alone operation will only take off if high value added products are produced. Labour costs, environment, legislation Often cheaper to import products and or seaweed raw materials and molecules
Other forces at work Legislation EU Waterframework Directive EU Maritime Green Paper: Towards a future Maritime Policy for the European Union There is a need for environmental sustainability and an increase in production in aquaculture! Urgent need for bioremediation (nutrient recycling) to minimise impact and increase carrying capacity in order to increase production IMTA
Legislation on food and feed Arsenic (inorganic 2ppm) Iodine (600 ppm max) Heavy metals Pesticides Need for cultivated young crop ergo, kelp cultivation
Why IMTA? 1 mt of farmed fish produces about 50 kg N and 7 kg P into environment (waste feed, faeces, excretion) Eutrophication Dead zones Algae blooms Macroalgae can take up 90% of N and 60% of P (inorganic) Filter feeders (Mussels, Oysters) take up POM (feed waste and feaces, organic matter)
Nutrient levels in-flow and out-flow water in seaweed biofilter system Trial undertaken with Porphyra proved useful for nutrient removal. Proven many times 0.6 Ammonia and nitrate can be stripped from the water using the dual species system at rates varying from 60% up to 90% of the nutrient input and Phosphate at 40% removal 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 NH4 in NH4 out NO2 in NO2 out NO3 in NO3 out PO4 PO4
Benefits IMTA Alleviate nutrient pollution through nutrient recycling (Environmentally friendly system) Production of other aquaculture products (economic diversification) Demonstrated 50% increase in production if cultivated near fish farm
Is this new? No, not at all! Asia for several centuries US (Ryther et al., 1975; nutrients, phytoplankton, oysters, seaweed) Late 80 s early 90 s Israel, Canada and Chile with Fish, mussels, abalone, seaweed systems
A few examples.. Spontaneous integrated mariculture, often takes place in coastal regions. Coastal integrated mariculture of fish, shellfish and seaweed in Hainan island,china. *Allan O Connor & Wang
Projects around the world Abalone cultivation building Fish Fish Fish Seaor Marine farm in Mikhmoret, Israel. Inland, semi-closed system. Sea bream, abalone, seaweed integrated system (the seaweed feeds abalone on site) Seaweed Ulva spp. // Gracilaria
Integrated abalone and seaweed farm in East London, South Africa. Raceways *D.Robertsson, J.Bolton, M. Troell
Open-water system in Canada Interdisciplinary project supported by Aquanet. Working on a preindustrial-scale demostration of integrated farms. Aim to help the farm owners become familiar with the approach of integrated: Salmon-mussel-Kelp
Salmon farming in Norway: N-budget (courtesy of K. Reitan) Feed-N 45.685 tons Salmon-N 19.647 tons Excess-N 26.038 tons 57 % of Feed-Nitrogen not built into the fish. An important resource that should be re-cycled!
Length (cm) Reference (4 km from farm) Effect of fertilization: Cultivation of S.latissima in IMTA In salmon farm 180 160 140 120 6.June 100 80 60 August November February 40 20 0 IMTA Reference IMTA Reference Courtesy K. Reitan
Chemical composition in this experiment 30,00 25,00 20,00 15,00 10,00 5,00 August-plants, in May (9 mnth cult.) Alginat (%) Laminaran (%) C (%) N (%) C:N Dry weight (%) 0,00 IMTA 3. May Reference 3.May February-plants, in June (4 mnth cult.) 30,00 25,00 20,00 Alginat (%) Laminaran (%) 15,00 C (%) 10,00 N (%) C:N 5,00 Dry weight (%) Courtesy K. Reitan 0,00 IMTA 7. June Reference 7. June
Why will IMTA take off in Europe? Because we have to!! EU legislation, address issues such as: Environmental impact, Sustainability, Pathogen control, Suitable location in coastal zone, Shared resources Food security, hence increase of production Need for a small ecological foot print of the aquaculture industry
IMTA in Europe All at R&D and demonstration level, in land based systems or at sea Norway: Salmon with Mussels and Kelp at sea Scotland: Salmon with Palmaria and kelp at sea Ireland: Salmon with Oysters, Kelp at sea integrated with land based Abalone and Porphyra ; Cod and Trout with Porphyra dioica in tanks Denmark: Trout and Chondrus crispus at sea and in tanks France: Seabass with Oysters, Ulva and Cladophora in ponds Spain and Portugal: Seabass with Clams and Microalgae and Turbot and Seabass with 7 red alga species and 3 green alga in tanks The message from this all? It works! Need to scale up and commercialise
Current cultivation technology: Long lines with hanging rope cultures Challenges for industrial scale 25 Courtesy K. Reitan
Growth and Biomass Ulva Ulva sp. 40% increase in weight per day 10 m 2 can produce 2,5 kg Ulva per day (Irish conditions) Palmaria Palmaria palmata 0.3-0.4 kg wet weight m line (Irish conditions) Laminaria 15 t dry weight ha-1 in Yellow Sea for Laminaria Ring system 20 mt dry weight ha -1 a -1 without fertilizer (Germany) Irish long line system about 20 kg wet weight per m rope 1 ha -1 with lines spaced every 5 m could yield 40 mt wet weight of kelp or 10 mt dry weight
Ireland cultivation 15 kg wet/m2 18 dry ton per hectare Newco: At Sea Technologies. One stop shop to Provides seaweed farms, technology and advise
New concept Integrated nutrient recycling (INR) Salmon, mussel, seaweed, feed, salmon Swine farming, slurry, microalg/macroalg, feed, pork
Salmon N and P Back into feed Feed N+P N and P
Oceanfeed Salmon Growth rate 14% faster compared to commercial diet Harvest weight 2.6% heavier than control Significant sea lice reduction Colouring of fish without added pigmentation 60% less mortality Improved FCR (0.1 point) Fish5-6 kg, harvested tested and smoked Better taste and texture
Increased omega 3 in fish
Pigs Feed N and P Slurry Sow health up more milk, Mortality 50% down 50% Replacement of antibiotics and 60% less treatments Improved health management Reduced feed intake (gut health) Pigs 2-3 weeks earlier ready for slaughter Improved taste (industrial taste panel) Doubling of Omega 3 in pork
Currently selling OceanFeed -Salmon Ocean support OceanFeed -Shrimp OceanFeed -Pig Oceanfeed - Bovine HPI Oceanfeed -Equine Oceanfeed -sheep Oceanfeed -poultry OceanFeedTM-Pet
Warning! IMTA can lead to funny furniture
Tak for din opmærksomhed Ocean Harvest Technology Ltd. N17 Business Park, Milltown County Galway Ireland info@oceanharvest.ie Telephone: +353 93 51807 www.oceanharvest.ie www.oceanfeed.ie