NAS 2 - CHAPTER 3 STUDY GUIDE You are responsible for the following textbook figures/tables: Figure 3.2 Figure 3.32 Figure 3.36 Figure 3.9 Figure 3.34 Figure 24.5 Figure 3.31 1. The is the basic unit of life. 2. Germ cells have chromosomes and are haploid, while somatic cells have chromosomes and are diploid. 3. Unspecialized cells are called, while differentiated cells are. 4. Name the four basic cell components and their functions. 5. Name the three main components of the cell membrane. 6. Name six membrane proteins and their functions. 7. Diffusion is movement of molecules from concentration to concentration.
8. Do cells have to provide energy for diffusion to occur? 9. List three types of diffusion and their characteristics. 10. List four factors which influence the rate of diffusion, as well as the result of that factor. 11. Osmolarity is the percentage of in a. 12. Tonicity compares the of two solutions separated by a. 13. The fluid surrounding tissue cells is called fluid. 14. Complete the table. TONICITY SOLUTE CONCENTRATION WATER MOVEMENT EFFECT ON CELL ISOTONIC HYPERTONIC HYPOTONIC 15. Movement of molecules from low to high concentration occurs through transport and requires.
16. Complete the table. MEMBRANE MOVEMENT DESCRIPTION EXAMPLE ENDOCYTOSIS EXOCYTOSIS 17. At resting membrane potential, an cell s membrane is typically ; and are usually concentrated outside of the cell, while is concentrated inside of the cell. When the cell is stimulated to action, the membrane becomes and ions can down their concentration gradient. 18. The events which occur over the course of a cell s life is called the. 19. Name three reasons why cells divide. 20. The majority of a cell s life is spent in. 21. DNA is replicated in. 22. Division of the nucleus is called, while division of the cytoplasm is called. 23. Name the four phases of mitosis, in order. 24. The sum of all chemical reactions in the body is called.
25. reactions break down large molecules and energy, while reactions build large molecules and energy. 26. Cellular respiration is used to synthesize from substrates. 27. respiration requires oxygen and is more productive, while respiration doesn t use oxygen and produces less. 28. Write the balanced chemical equation for aerobic respiration. 29. Complete the table for aerobic respiration. STAGE LOCATION SUBSTRATES PRODUCTS GLYCOLYSIS KREBS CYCLE ELECTRON TRANSPORT 30. The electron transport chain uses the coenzymes to do reactions to build a concentration gradient of ; this concentration gradient provides the energy for synthesis of. 31. Anaerobic respiration in humans produces the waste product, which causes muscles to ache; the can convert this waste product back to for use in aerobic respiration. 32. Besides glucose, what other substrates can cells use for aerobic respiration?
33. DNA is a molecule that encodes information. 34. The monomers of DNA are called, and are composed of three components -,,. 35. Name the four nitrogen bases found in DNA, and the four found in RNA. DNA RNA 36. Indicate the correct complementarity between nitrogen bases in DNA. Adenine complements. Thymine complements. Cytosine complements. Guanine complements. 37. Units of information in DNA are called ; they carry the instructions for making. 38. In the genetic code, three consecutive nitrogen bases form a, which indicates which to use in protein synthesis. 39. Protein synthesis occurs in two distinct steps DNA is used to produce mrna during, while mrna is used to make a polypeptide during.
40. Complete the table for RNA. TYPE OF RNA FUNCTION 41. During transcription, complements Adenine. 42. What type of bond forms between adjacent amino acids during translation? 43. A change in the nitrogen base sequence of DNA is called a. 44. Does a change in the nitrogen base sequence in DNA always cause a change in the resulting protein? 45. Radiation and chemicals which increase the rate of mutation of DNA are called.