The global status of animal genetic resources and the First International Technical Conference on Animal Genetic Resources Irene Irene Hoffmann, Hoffmann, Beate BeateScherf,, Barbara Barbara Rischkowsky Rischkowsky Animal Animal Production Production & Health Health Division Division Food Food and and Agriculture Agriculture Organization Organization of of the the United United Nations Nations LLPS/LIFE International LLPS/LIFE workshop International The workshop future The of future animal of genetic animal genetic resources: Under resources: corporate Under control corporate or control in or in the hands the of hands farmers of and farmers pastoralists. and pastoralists. Bonn, Bonn, 16 16 October October 2006 2006
Contents The State of the World s Animal Genetic Resources Status of diversity Status of management capacity Challenges The Strategic Priorities for Action International architecture The first International Technical Conference Animal Genetic Resources
People and animals: Latin America
The State of the World s Animal Genetic Resources
Global Strategy for the Management of Farm Animal Genetic Resources Intergovernmental Mechanism Country-based Planning and Implementation Infrastructure Technical Programme of Work Reporting and Evaluation Follow-up Mechanism Regional Consultations draft Report on Strategic Priorities for Action Country reports Strategic Priorities for Action Technical Conference State of the World s Animal Genetic Resources
State of the World s-animal Genetic Resources (SoW-AnGR) The CGRFA recommended that FAO should coordinate the first (country-driven) State of the World s Animal Genetic Resources 188 countries were invited to participate in the SoW-AnGR in 2001 Donor support: Governments of Finland, Germany, The Netherlands, Norway; Nordic Gene Bank-AnGR; FAO-Netherlands Partnership Programme; GTZ-Germany
From assessment to action Countries assess animal genetic resources Countries identify needs Countries implement action National and regional political commitment to support sustainable livestock production donor commitment in long-term development projects
Progress on the SoW-AnGR 156 countries received technical and/or financial support from FAO in partnership with the World Association for Animal Production (WAAP) 396 persons from 178 countries trained in 15 sub-regional workshops in country reporting 20 sub-regional follow-up workshops were organized involving more than 150 countries for identification of national and regional priorities 169 Country Reports officially submitted to FAO by January 2006
Country Report submission to FAO Region or sub-region Africa COUNTRY REPORTS Submitted Total Final Draft 44 3 47 Asia and Pacific 28 5 33 Europe 36 3 39 Latin America and Caribbean 20 10 30 Near East 11 5 16 North America 2 0 2 Non-Member Countries 2 1 3 Total 143 26 169
Reporting Process information gathering 169 Country Reports 9 reports from international organizations 13 thematic studies thematic studies Report on the State of the World s Animal Genetic Resources & Strategic Priorities for Action
Preparation of the Global Report 1. State of the World state of livestock diversity livestock sector trends & their implications state of human capacity, breeding & conservation programmes, legislation & technologies state of the art in animal genetic resource management main gaps in current management 2. Strategic Priorities for Actions
People and animals: Africa
Findings - Status of Animal Genetic Diversity systematic documentation at supranational level in Europe in the 1980s FAO s Global Databank for Farm Animal Genetic Resources in the early 1990s coverage within-country breed populations reported ~ 14 000 182 countries (out of 197) 35 species of birds & mammals
Risk status of country populations 10000 8000 6000 4000 2000 Mammals 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 Poultry 1993 1995 2000 2005 1993 1995 2000 2005 breed populations recorded breed populations classified as at risk with population data breed populations extinct DAD-IS
Findings - Status of Animal Genetic Diversity Breed diversity the global picture 7 616 breeds reported local 86% 6536 transboundary 14% 1080 international 557 regional 523 52% 48%
Transboundary and local breeds Mammals transboundary local Poultry transboundary local Cattle 208 1138 Chicken 160 1240 Sheep 232 1191 Goose 24 161 Horse 129 651 Duck 27 221 Goat 86 537 Turkey 26 79 Pig 62 778 Guinea fowl 5 49 Rabbit 59 184 Ostrich 3 14 Ass 15 141 Muscovy duck 1 23 Buffalo 15 122 Pigeon 1 67 Deer 13 13 Quail 1 49 Dromedary 5 65 Bactrian Camel 2 10 Alpaca 2 4 Llama 2 3 Guinea Pig 1 16 Yak 27 ~ 155 transboundary breeds in >10 countries, and ~17 in > 50 countries DAD-IS
First attempt to link breed populations that may belong to a common genepool DAD-IS
Transboundary tropical cattle breeds DAD-IS
Southwest Pacific Origin of chicken breeds, by subregion 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Caribbean Central America South America North America Central Asia East Asia South East Asia South Asia Europe E-Europe / Caucasus North and West Africa East Africa Southern Africa Near and Middle East international regional local
Local breeds by country DAD-IS
Risk status - the global picture mammalian species avian species 5% 1% 7% 12% 3% 1% 35% 11% 42% 14% 3% critical 2% 38% critical-maintained endangered endangered-maintained extinct not at risk unknown 26%
Findings - Status of Animal Genetic Diversity During the last five years 60 breeds were lost an average of one breed per month. Year n % before 1900 15 2 1900-1999 111 16 after 1999 62 9 not provided 502 73 sum 690 100 Sykia cattle indigenous to Greece extinct in 2001
Risk status of chicken breeds, by subregion 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Caribbean Central America South America North America Central Asia East Asia South East Asia South Asia Europe E-Europe / Caucasus North and West Africa East Africa Southern Africa Near and Middle East Southwest Pacific unknown extinct at risk not at risk
People and animals: North America
Findings - Management Capacities - characterization big gaps population size & structure physical characteristics unique traits & genes typical production environment needed for: informed decision-making in national livestock development early warning & response tools but given requirement for immediate action: need for tools & methods based on incomplete information
Findings - Management capacities - breeding significant differences between countries & species planned breeding activities support with public funding many governments decided to rely on international genetic material for breed development (especially for poultry & pigs) opportunity for cooperation in breeding activities between countries with similar production conditions
Findings - Management capacities - breeding Pigs & poultry industrial systems small number of breeders/breeding companies dominate world market Cattle & small ruminants Europe & the Americas structures that had a long process of development countries in other regions nearly no formal breeding programmes, in particular for locally adapted breeds in low & medium input production systems private sector unlikely to contribute responsibility of national institutions
Findings - Management capacities - conservation need for conservation programmes in many countries of: Africa Eastern Europe & the Caucasus Near & Middle East Central & South Asia rich diversity of farm animal genetic resources, but value hardly recognized by national authorities effective prioritization of breeds for conservation programmes hampered by lack of national inventories & characterization
Management capacities in vivo conservation issues: heterogenity of AnGR users changing economic, ecological & political conditions may threaten herders livelihoods in some European countries local breeds are kept mainly by older farmers opportunities: nature management organic farming participatory breeding niche markets hobby farming
Management capacities in vitro conservation supplementing in-vivo breed conservation currently used mainly to: conserve genetic diversity within breeds back-up for breeding industry by-product of AI most countries need international support
Management capacities in vitro conservation all countries should have gene banks (own or shared) with material from their locally developed breeds coordination between countries is required particularly for transboundary breeds need for further development: ownership & access information & documentation optimization of the core collection ratio between gametes & embryos
Findings - Management capacities infrastructures institutional & structural situation at national, regional & international level unfavourable in past in most developing countries more activities & capacities developed during last fifteen years in: in Europe & the Caucasus North America East Asia South America & the Caribbean relevance of AnGR to food security & poverty alleviation not recognized
Findings - Management capacities institutions lack of legal structures, policies & development programmes basic institutions for characterization, inventory & monitoring structures for national & international cooperation national Non-Governmental Organizations interest in NARS interest in international donor community
People and animals: Europe
Strategic Priorities for Action areas characterization use & development conserving policy institutional development & capacity building for each area strategic priorities and related actions were formulated & reviewed
Challenges - Technical issues most developing countries lack capacity & resources to conduct consistent nationwide surveys & inventories lack of information hinders proper decision-making certain loss of local breeds inevitable but should not occur at random need for scientific guidance for strategic decisions under imperfect information
Challenges Policy issues regulatory framework for AnGR management considering: global programme for in vitro conservation structure & responsibility access regulations biosecurity issues exchange of genetic material understanding existing national regulations & their implications (zoo-sanitary) exploring potential instruments» code of conduct» Material Transfer Agreement» inclusion of agro-biodiversity into EIA» livestock keeper rights investigate how to adapt patent law & practices to the animal sector
People and animals: Near East
International architecture How do we care about AnGR?
Centers of livestock domestication - Genetic and archeological informations 9 7 1 3 4 5 6 8 2 10 1: Turkey 3. Cattle, donkey 4. Cattle, sheep, goats, pigs 6: Yak 7: Horse 2: Guinea Pigs, Llama, Alpaca 5. Cattle, goats, chicken 8: pigs, chicken 9/10: Pigs Hanotte 2005
Local breeds by country DAD-IS
International framework CBD -1992 provides a legal framework for the conservation and sustainable use of all biological diversity. States have sovereign rights over their GR and authority to determine access conditions to them GATT - 1948 WTO 1995 promotes and regulates trade WIPO 1970 promotes the development of measures designed to facilitate the efficient protection of intellectual property throughout the world and to harmonize national legislation in this field. FAO 1945 FAO CGRFA 1983 since 1995 covers all GRFA
International framework CBD Art 8j ABS PoW Agric Biodiv WTO TRIPs 27.3(b) AoA SPS bilateral FTA WIPO ICG harmonization of patent system Global Strategy for the Management of Farm Animal Genetic Resources FAO CGRFA International Treaty for Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture
How does this affect exchange and use?
People and animals: Asia and Pacific
The first International Technical Conference Animal Genetic Resources
Decisions of the 10 th session of the CGRFA decided that the first Report on the State of the World s Animal Genetic Resources should be finalized at the First International Technical Conference on Animal Genetic Resources in 2007, agreed that a committee be set up, to plan for the Conference, and to develop an agenda, in consultation with the ITWG-AnGR. stressed the importance of the Conference, both to provide an excellent opportunity to reach agreement on how to best address priorities for the sustainable use, development and conservation of animal genetic resources, and to raise awareness and appreciation of the various roles and values of these essential resources. welcomed by FAO Council
Decision VIII/23 on PoW Agricultural Biodiversity - A. Cross-cutting initiative on biodiversity for food and nutrition The first Report of the State of the World s Animal Genetic Resources (...) will contribute to building the evidence base for the Cross-cutting initiative on biodiversity for food and nutrition. Element 1. Developing and Documenting Knowledge Element 2. Integration of biodiversity, food and nutrition issues into research and policy instruments Element 3. Conserving and promoting wider use of biodiversity for food and nutrition
VIII/23 D. In-depth review of the programme of work on agricultural biological diversity Welcomes (...) the progress by the FAO (...) in the preparation of the first report on the State of the World s Animal Genetic Resources, and notes that these activities provide timely and valuable inputs for the in-depth review of the programme of work, Extends its gratitude to the Government of Switzerland for the offer to host the first FAO International Technical Conference on Animal Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture in 2007;
Next steps Intergovernmental review process ITWG-AnGR - 13-15 December 2006 preceded by National Coordinator Workshop CGRFA - 4-8 June 2007 CGRFA: Multi-year Programme of Work (MYPOW) First International Technical Conference Animal Genetic Resources 1-7 September 2007 in Interlaken, Switzerland
Thank you. We look forward to seeing you at the International Technical Conference AnGR, 3-7 September 2007 in Interlaken, Switzerland http://www.fao.org/ag/againfo/subjects/en/angr/angr.html