ECONOMIC INSTRUMENTS FOR RECYCLING Jean Pierre Hannequart ( IBGE / ACR+)
Association of Cities and Regions for Recycling 96 members 22 countries 1100 local and regional authorities
STATEMENT 1 TO DEVELOP THE EUROPEAN RECYCLING SOCIETY WE NEED EU HARMONIZATION OF SOME ECONOMIC INSTRUMENTS (eco-taxes on raw materials and non-recyclables products; taxes on waste incineration and landfill )
STATEMENT 2 EU MUST STOP THE GREEN CERTIFICATES based on CO2 emissions reduction FOR WASTE INCINERATION and CONSIDER GREEN CERTIFICATES FOR RECYCLED PRODUCTS
PLAN 1. WHICH KIND OF ECONOMIC INSTRUMENTS ARE AVAILABLE FOR RECYCLING? 2. WHICH ECONOMIC INCENTIVES FOR RECYCLING ARE USED BY MEMBER STATES? 3. WHAT TO DO NOW AT EU LEVEL?
1. WHICH KIND OF ECONOMIC INSTRUMENTS ARE AVAILABLE FOR RECYCLING? Eco-taxes EPR fees Green certificates Products Deposit refunds Raw material taxes Tax rebates Raw materials Recycled products Life cycle Waste Selective collection Waste collection taxes (PAYT) Incineration taxes Secondary raw materials Disposal taxes Tax rebates
2. WHICH ECONOMIC INCENTIVES FOR RECYCLING ARE USED BY MEMBER STATES? RE.gif RAW MATERIAL TAXES cfr the UK Aggregate Levy ECOTAXES cfr the Danish and Dutch taxes on packaging based on environmental impacts TAX REBATES cfr the French VAT reduction on recycling activities
2. WHICH ECONOMIC INCENTIVES FOR RECYCLING ARE USED BY MEMBER STATES? RE.gif MANDATORY DEPOSITS cfr - Scandinavian systems - the German deposit (2005-2006) on all one way containers for beer, water and soft drinks ( except ecologically advantageous packaging)
2. WHICH ECONOMIC INCENTIVES FOR RECYCLING ARE USED BY MEMBER STATES? RE.gif EPR FEES Cfr Packaging Batteries & accumulators End-of-Life vehicles Electric & electronic equipment EU Directives Some Member States Packaging Batteries & accumulators End-of-life vehicles Electric & electronic equipment Paper Pharmaceuticals Textiles Tyres Waste oils Paints Building materials Pesticides Carpets
PAYT 2. WHICH ECONOMIC INCENTIVES FOR RECYCLING ARE USED BY MEMBER STATES? Billing Parameters Volume Frequency Weight Container dependent systems Bags : Stickers or pay-bags Individual bins : size or weight Splitting of tariffs Stable income Prevention adverse effects
2. WHICH ECONOMIC INCENTIVES FOR RECYCLING ARE USED BY MEMBER STATES? PAYT Cfr BJUV -SWEDEN :WEIGHT-BASE FEE (kg/household/year) 1999 2000 Waste Collected 302kg 245 Residual Waste 246 136 Recycled Waste 56 109 Source : EUNOMIA /REICHENBACH cfr. Dresden- Germany :BEFORE AND AFTER «PAYT» 2007 2008 Total 318kg 281 Residual 228 148 Recyclables 90 133 Cfr. FLANDERS +/-0.60 EUR per grey waste bags (1993-1996) Separate waste +82 to +155 kg/inh/y Residual waste -22 to -140 kg/inh/y
2. WHICH ECONOMIC INCENTIVES FOR RECYCLINGARE USED BY MEMBER STATES? Landfill Taxes (or Bans) + Incineration Country Landfill Tax ( /t) Incineration Tax ( /t) Landfill Ban Austria (87)/26 7 2004 Finland 30 2005 Germany 2001 Ireland 30 Italy 26 Belgium- Flanders Belgium- Wallonia In consideration 60 7 Banned Materials / Wastes Biodegradability and other criteria Biodegradable and compostable waste Biodegradability and other criteria 2009 Waste that is not pre-treated 2003/ 2007 1998/ 2000 3 2004 Various Biodegradability and other criteria Unsorted wastes, sorted and non-sorted wastes for recovery, combustible residual fraction from sorting, combustible wastes Source:EUNOMIA
2. WHICH ECONOMIC INCENTIVES FOR RECYCLINGARE USED BY MEMBER TATES? Landfill Taxes (or Bans) + Incineration Country Landfill Tax Incineration Tax Landfill Ban Denmark 50 44 1997 Combustible waste France 9.15 2002 Ultimate Waste Flows The Netherlands 85 1996 Various, incl household waste Norway 40 Pollutant based From mid-2009 Biodegradable waste Sweden 43 Varies with 2002 Combustible waste energy 2006 Organic waste generation Czech Republic 16 1997: Paper, 2004: BMW Estonia 8 2008 Unsorted waste Slovakia 7.9 Slovenia 2001 Spain - Catalonia United Kingdom 56 10 5 None Source:EUNOMIA Under consideration by devolved administrations
3. WHAT TO DO NOW AT EU LEVEL? 1. TO CLARIFY THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ECONOMIC INSTRUMENTS AND RECYCLING PERFORMANCES 2. TO HARMONIZE THE USE OF ECONOMIC INSTRUMENTS 3. TO STOP THE ECONOMIC INSTRUMENTS ACTING AGAINST THE WASTE HIERARCHY 4. TO PROMOTE THE USE OF SOME ECONOMIC INSTRUMENTS (ESPECIALLY IN LESS PERFORMING COUNTRIES)
3. WHAT TO DO NOW AT EU LEVEL? > 1. TO CLARIFY THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ECONOMIC INSTRUMENTS AND RECYCLING PERFORMANCES Cfr Flanders-2008: HIGH RECYCLING RATE OF HOUSEHOLDS WASTE AND A COMBINATION OF ECONOMICS INSTRUMENTS - EUR 30 paid through EPR - EUR 195 paid to Public Authorities ( 1/3 related to the amount 1/3 fixed tax 1/3 related to household income)
3. WHAT TO DO NOW AT EU LEVEL? > 1. TO CLARIFY THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ECONOMIC INSTRUMENTS AND RECYCLING PERFORMANCES Cfr EPR IN France PRODUCTS RECYCLING PERFORMANCES Pneus 28% Papiers 54% Textiles 11% Embal. phyto 10% Films agricoles 21% Embal. Fertilisants 35% EEE professionnels 7% EEE ménagers 20% Automobiles 48% Lubrifiants 43% Emballages ménagers 63% Fluides frigorigènes 11%
3. WHAT TO DO NOW AT EU LEVEL? > 1. TO CLARIFY THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ECONOMIC INSTRUMENTS AND RECYCLING PERFORMANCES 500 450 400 Cfr Evaluation of PAYT schemes in NEDERLAND (by SENTERNOVEM) 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 glass paper organic waste residual waste 0 No variable charching Volume Volume and frequency Weight Expensive bag
3. WHAT TO DO NOW AT EU LEVEL? > 2. TO HARMONIZE THE USE OF ECONOMIC INSTRUMENTS - The development of economic instruments at member states level creates distortions of competition - The EU level is appropriate for some economic instruments for recycling (raw materials taxes, eco-taxes, ) - There is a need of more harmonization on deposits, EPR schemes and disposal taxes - There is a need of EU support for the exchange of information and experience (especially between local authorities) on «PAYT»
3. WHAT TO DO NOW AT EU LEVEL? > 3. TO STOP THE ECONOMIC INSTRUMENTS ACTING AGAINST THE WASTE HIERARCHY Cfr GREEN CERTIFICATES For waste incineration IN BELGIUM WITH GREEN CERTIFICATES : more interesting to recover energy from wood waste than to recycle wood (gate fees for recycling > 30 to 70 /ton)
3. WHAT TO DO NOW AT EU LEVEL? > 3. TO STOP THE ECONOMIC INSTRUMENTS ACTING AGAINST THE WASTE HIERARCHY
3. WHAT TO DO NOW AT EU LEVEL? > 4. TO PROMOTE THE USE OF SOME ECONOMIC INSTRUMENTS (ESPECIALLY IN LESS PERFORMING COUNTRIES) Cfr EURO BAROMETER March 2011: ATTITUDES OF EUROPEAN CITIZENS : - How do you prefer to pay for waste management? - to pay taxes : 14% - to pay proportionally (PAYT) : 75% - don t know : 11% - Do you prefer the integration of the waste costs into the price of the products? - to pay taxes : 25% - to integrate into the price : 59% - don t know : 16% We need a follow-up to the Thematic Strategy on Recycling including a global approach of economic instruments for recycling!
Gulledelle 100 1200 Brussels 32.2.775.76.02
STATEMENT 1 TO DEVELOP THE EUROPEAN RECYCLING SOCIETY WE NEED EU HARMONIZATION OF SOME ECONOMIC INSTRUMENTS (eco-taxes on raw materials and non-recyclables products; taxes on waste incineration and landfill )
STATEMENT 2 EU MUST STOP THE GREEN CERTIFICATES based on CO2 emissions reduction FOR WASTE INCINERATION and CONSIDER GREEN CERTIFICATES FOR RECYCLED PRODUCTS