Suitable biowaste treatment options Technical requirements for COMPOSTING Florian Amlinger STAGE III A guidance to good practice 1
STAGE III Oct./12 to July/13 Responsible: F. AMLINGER & E. FAVOINO Development of national TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS FOR BIO-WASTE TREATMENT INSTALLATIONS State of the Art of COMPOSTING A guidance to good practice Detailed handbook Manual for engineering Basis for waste license Best practice / range of technologies Criteria for construction, operation and documentation Enviornmental & health protection ANAEROBIC DIGESTION A survey on Technologies and features 2
Recovery and Recycling Options for Organic Waste Streams Recovery of Bio & Green waste Recovery Method Recycling R3/R10 Recycling + Energy R3/R10 Energy R1 Process applied Composting (aerob) Anaerobic Digestion (anerob) Biomass incineration Product Org. Soil Improver & Growing media Energy & Heat Org. fertiliser Energy & Heat 3
Composting vs. AD?? COMPOSTING (aerobic) ANAEROBIC DIGESTION (anaerobic) Green Waste Bio Waste / bio-bin (rural) Bio Waste / bio-bin (urban) Food industries Market waste Former foodstuff Food waste / Catering waste Increasing water content Increasing structure [wood] 4
The State of the Art of Composting a Guidancce in Good Practice 5
Composting - Elements of the Good Practice Guide Biology of composting (banned) Processes what is NOT composting Feedstock types & requirements The right location Basics of Low-Emission composting Principles of QM from receipt control to compost storage Key composting systems & technologies 6
Application of BAT to protect the environment and health what it involves 1 Costs involved have to be proportionate to the environment and health related expected or factually achieved. benefit to be 2 Proper assessment of magnitude of impact in order to justify an adequate technical (BAT) or operational standard on level: EU M-State Plant 7
Receipt control Intermediate storage Compost storage Engineering Pre-treatment conditioning mixing Refining the product Batch formation Intensive composting Maturation 8
The Minimum Requiremnts for Each Process Step Definition and basic function Potential emissions and health impacts Construction - infrastructure - technical equipment Indicating main technologies used Process management Plant operation day to day measures Monitoring & quality indicators Documentation 9
The Management of the Biological Transformation Process Organic feedstocks & additives Humidity Oxigen Temperature 10
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The right Mix is the key Dry Leaves High C Dry Bulky Grass High N Wet Dense Providing the C-Source Shreddering of woody materials (bush / tree cuttings Slow rotating hammer mills Creating maximun of accessible surfaces Providing stable pore space Fresh food for your microflora Grass, leaves, legumes, crop processing residues important for sludge, (badly fermented) inactive raw material, manure 10 % Old Compost + 10% clay soil Drives humification (clay-himus complex), reduces odours 12
Mixing the Ingredients 14
Composting-Systems Static Systems windrow-systems without turning boxes containers Semi-dynamic Systems (aerated) windrows (triangle, trapezoid, table) with turning machine pulled or self-propelled or wheel loader boxes, chambers vertical reactors Dynamic Systems composting drums 15
OPEN WINDROW composting 16
Further Windrow Systems 17
Forced Aeration in Open Windrow Systems Temperature GSM transmition Fan Fan CO 2 Aeration Ventilation pipe Drainage water Leachate water funnel with siphon 18
Covered and Closed Composting System Semi-permeable Membrane [Gore ] Systems Containers Boxes 19
Registered Composting Plant Storage Mixing batch composition batch monitoring C, turning, watering Conditioning INPUT Residues Compost = Product 20 QM: the principle of a traceably documented process
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Potential Environment and Health Impacts ODOUR management, WASTE AIR treatment Reduction of DUST & BIO-AEROSOLS emission WASTE WATER handling PATHOGEN reduction and hygienisation Minimisation of GREENHOUSE GASES NOISE reduction WORKERS protection Technology BAT Operation QM 22
Optimum Temperature Ranges for different Requirements of the Composting Process Process Optimum for Hygienisation... [e.g. 3 to 10 days] Maximum Decomposition Start of Formation of Humic Substances Max. Biodiversity + Decomposition of Microbial Biomass; Max. Formation of Humic Substances Temperatur Range > 55 65 C 45 55 C 35 40 C 23
Automated Process Monitoring 24
Hygiene Aspects in Process Management Further Measures & Records (as part of the QM) watering, turning, aeration, material additions, screening & separating /working from DIRTY to CLEAN zone 25
Odour / Bio-Aerosol Management Aerosols: Odour: 200 300 m Location 500 1000 m Input material Moisture degradability particle size quantity Management Immediate mixing C/N humidity texture/pore space C mechanical agitation aeration biofilter/scrubber: design, dimension & maintenance maturation clean facilities trained operator complaints management faliour management > 70% OPERATION < 30% TECHNOLOGY 26
Biofilters 27
Managing - Adding Water Add water during turning Add water slowly Ideal 50 60% Squeeze test Too wet = anarobic/leachate/ odour/ghg Too dry = no decomposition 29
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The Work Programme elaborating the guidance Draft report following 2 consultation with the Project Committee of the MoEW Jan 2013 Consultation Workshop with Bulgarian stakeholders Feb 2012 Well understood Covering all important aspects at necessary level of detail Feed back: questions, proposals, improvements Final Guidance after further consultation with the Project Committee of the MoEW July/Sep 2013 31
Biowaste.BG12@gmail.com 32