DAMPAK KEGIATAN MANUSIA TERHADAP KUALITAS LINGKUNGAN IMPACT OF HUMAN ACTIVITIES ON ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 1
Since Homo sapiens live on the planet of earth c.a.180,000 years ago, human activities have been increased that cause great impacts to environment 2
Major human cultural changes and dit its impact tt to environment nt Human Cultural changes Humans were mostly hunter gatherers Agricultural revolution Industrial revolution Information and globalization revolution Major human activities Hunting Food gathering Settlement and agriculture development, domestication of animal, city development (urbanization) Development of industrial i process, mining i and fossil fuel production, increase the use of pesticide and chemical fertilizer, Rapid technology and information development, globalization on many aspects 3
Agricultural revolution Settled Agriculture Nomadic hunting and food gathering g Settled agriculture (animal domestication and plants cultivation) Settled agriculture has increased food supply that led to support more people, but decrease the environment quality 4
Human activities for settled agriculture and its impact to environmental Peoples Cut down vast forest to supply wood for fuel and building material soil erosion Plowed up large expanses of grassland to grow crops turning fertile land to desert Built irrigation systems to transfer water from one place to another continous avaibility of water for plants Such activities cause extensive land clearing which degraded the quality of ecosystems 5
Modern agriculture has harmful impacts on air, soil, water, and biodiversity it resources 6
Raising livestock to produce meat by open grazing could destroyed ecosystems Lightly grazed Overgrazed 7
City development and urbanization i Urbanization: the formation of villages, town, and cities. Some villages grew into towns and cities, which served as center for trade, government and business Towns and cities concentrated sewage and other wastes, polluted the air and water 8
Industrial revolution Represented shift from dependence on renewable energy wood to nonrenewable fossil fuels ( first coal, later oil and natural gas) this led to switch from handmade goods in small scale production to large scale machine-made goods in industries cities 9
Effects of extracting, processing and using of mineral / fossil fuels 10
Using fossil fuels can leak into the ocean ecosystems a large amount Liquid fossil fuels can seeps into ocean Tanker accidents Waste oil dumped from activities on land Oil spill onto the ocean and kill a number of organisms 11
Spill of oil fossil fuel over the sea 12
Surface and subsurface mining cause pollution o and degradation of stream and groundwater by runoff of acids 13
Burning fossil fuels produces billions tones of CO 2, one of greenhouse gases that contribute global warming climate change Projected emissions of three important greenhouse gases as a result of human activities 14
Several Impact of human activities cause a major issue: CLIMATE CHANGE EFFECT of CLIMATE CHANGE to HUMAN HEALTH 15
Building roads is one of human activities that cause destruction and degradation land and ecosystem 16
Soil Degradation Areas of degraded soil of the world
Controlling pest population by spraying a pesticides id About 2.5 million tons of pesticides are use yearly in developed and developing countries to control pests such as insects The use of pesticides threat human health: -According WHO, nearly 3 million agricultural workers in developing countries are seriously poisoned by pesticides each year, estimated 180,000 deaths -In developed country such as USA, 300,000 farms worker suffer from pesticides related illnesses each year 18
Decline of marine species (mostly fish) About 75% of the world s commercial oceanic fish stocks are in decline Overfishing Pollution, habitat degradation 19
Overload wastes into water cause degradation d of water quality 20
Water use Only a tiny amount of world s abundant water is available as fresh water (2.6%) Water is collected, purified, recycled, distributed fresh water available (siklus air) Human withdraw fresh water from rivers, lakes, and aquifers for cities, residences and industry uses, and also to irrigate cropland 21
Global water use
The use of too much water by human may effect to the avaibility of fresh water Due to large population, human withdraw underground d water faster than it is replenished depletion of fresh water If it is happened near a coast, salt water can intrudes into aquifer and contaminate drinking water along coastal area 23
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Too much water: flooding Natural flooding primarily caused by heavy rain and degradation of water holding capacity of soil Natural flooding have benefits: - provide productive farmland - recharge groundwater - refill wetland However, each year flood kills thousands of people and cause property damage Since 1960 human activities have contributed a severe flood damage by: -removing water-absorbing vegetation (hillsides) -draining wetland that absorb floodwater -living on flood plain 25
Flood Plain Hillside 26
Flooding on Jakarta 27
Nuclear power Produce energy: produce electricity at much lower cost than coal High-level l radioactive wastes (stored in pool of water at plant site) Nuclear disaster happened at Ukraine (Chernobyl nuclear power plant) in 1986: - killed 3,576 ~ 32,000 people - a series of explosions caused a huge radioactive d cloud spread over Ukraine, Russia and other parts of Europe - forced 40,000 people to leave their homes, probably never to return Global nuclear power plant peaked in the 1990s and is projected to decline 28
Information and globalization revolution Technologies such as telephone, radio, television, computers, the internet, remote sensing satellites providing people to access people to have much more information on a global scale 29
Positive affect of information and globalization li i revolution Allow us to respond environmental problems more effectively and rapidly Allow us to use remote sensing satellites to survey resources and monitor changes in the world s forests, grassland, oceans, rivers, polar regions, cities, and other system Can reduce pollution and environmental degradation by substituting data for materials and energy and communication for transportation Allow environmental researchers and activist to exchange data and information rapidly 30
Negative affect of information and globalization li i revolution IT could cause confusion, distraction and sense of hopelessness as rapidly growing environmental information Increase environmental degradation and decrease cultural diversity as a globalized economy spreads over most of the earth and homogenizes the world s cultures including disease Creating and introducing new technologies much faster than we ca evaluate their impacts 31
Infectious disease Spread by air, water, food, body fluids, some insects, and other nonhuman carrier (vector) Human activities such as International traveling can rapidly spread diseases such as flu, measles, chlorella, TB, smallpox and AIDS Migration to uninhabited rural areas and deforestation in tropical country can expose to disease spread by vectors such as malaria 32
Smallpox and AIDS People with AIDS symptom Child with smallpox 33
Humans activities affected biodiversity i 34
Kill endangered animal cause depletion of biodiversity i Consume such protein endanger species of Gorilla Confiscated products from endangered species 35