Warm-Up 1. What are the 3 components of a nucleotide? 2. What are the 4 nitrogen bases that are found in DNA? 3. What type of bonds are found between 2 nitrogen bases? 4. During DNA replication, what breaks the bonds between the nitrogen bases? 5. What is the complement to this DNA strand? GGC ATC CGA GGA TGC ATC
Warm-Up: Check your Answers 1. A nitrogen base, a phosphorous group, and a sugar 2. Cytosine, Guanine, Thymine, and Adenine 3. Hydrogen bonds 4. Enzymes break the bonds (helicase) 5. What is the complement to this DNA strand? G G C A T C C G A C C G T A G G C T
6. What amino acid is coded for by the mrna codon CUC? 7. If you needed the amino acid Tryptophan, what codon do you need? 8. What amino acids do we get from the DNA sequence: T A C C G T G G A A T T
mrna codon is: CUC
6. What amino acid is coded for by the mrna codon CUC? Leucine 7. If you needed the amino acid Tryptophan, what mrna codon do you need? UGG 8. What amino acids do we get from the DNA sequence: T A C C G T G G A A T T A U G G C A C C U U A A Start Alanine Proline Stop
Protein Synthesis Guided Notes
Storage of Genetic Information 1. DNA contains the instructions for building proteins. 2. DNA is stored as chromosomes in the nucleus. 3. Sections of DNA on the chromosome that code for proteins are called genes. 4. There is 1 gene for each protein. There are many genes on each chromosome.
5. To make proteins we need to use both DNA and RNA.
Time out: What is RNA? DNA: Deoxyribonucleic Acid Double stranded Deoxyribose Sugar Bases: ATCG Replicates DNA DNA Only one type RNA: Ribonucleic Acid Single stranded Ribose Sugar Bases: AUCG Does not replicate Three types of RNA (mrna, rrna, trna)
DNA is double stranded, but RNA is always single.
6. RNA ribonucleic acid Differences in RNA from DNA: A. Sugar in RNA is ribose B. Single-stranded C. Contains Uracil instead of Thymine
What to tell your significant other
Types of RNA Carries the DNA Makes up Links together Message Ribosomes Amino Acids Messenger RNA (mrna) Ribosomal RNA (rrna) Transfer RNA (trna)
Protein Synthesis: From nucleus to cytoplasm nucleus transcription cytoplasm translation ribosome DNA mrna protein trait
The GENETIC CODE The language that translates the sequence of nitrogen bases in DNA (mrna) into the amino acids of a protein. Codon = three nucleotides of DNA or mrna One codon specifies one amino acid Some codons are redundant (that means they code for the same amino acid) The genetic code is universal to all organisms
Transcription Goal: To turn DNA into a RNA message Happens in the nucleus
Transcription: DNA mrna
Translation Goal: To link amino acids together to make a protein Happens at ribosomes in the cytoplasm.
Translation
1. Proteins are also called polypeptides (many peptide bonds) 2. How are amino acids held together to form a protein? Peptide bonds! Form polypeptide chains, which form proteins
Protein Synthesis Overview
Protein Synthesis Overview DNA nucleus codon mrna Transcription Polypeptide trna Translation Ribosome Amino acid (dot) anticodon
A metaphor to remember protein synthesis with: Grandma has a cake recipe you copy the recipe you go home to your kitchen you make the cake DNA mrna Go to ribosome in the nucleus make a protein
Check for understanding: 1. What type of bonds hold DNA molecules together? Are they weak or strong, and why? 2. During protein synthesis, an mrna sequence is produced from a DNA sequence, what process is occurring? 3. Transcribe the following DNA sequence: TTAAG 4. Describe the process of translation.
Warm-up: Check your Answers 1. What type of bonds hold DNA molecules together? Are they weak or strong, and why? Hydrogen weak so that the strands can separate for replication 2. During protein synthesis, an mrna sequence is produced from a DNA sequence, what process is occurring? Transcription 3. Transcribe the following DNA sequence: TTAAG AAUUC 4. Describe the process of translation. Using codons in mrna to produce amino acids
Mutation Guided Notes
Cells make mistakes, these are called mutations! Mutations changes in the genetic code For example: A U G becomes A A G
A mistake (mutation) can be: 1. Point mutation- when there is a single change to the genetic code (ex: CCC CCG) 2. Frameshift mutation- when a base is added or subtracted (ex: CCC CCGC) 3. Frameshift mutations are usually more serious because they are more likely to change the amino acids used
4. Check out these different mrna sequences:
Humans tell ghost stories, nucleotides share mutation stories
What to do: 1. Use what you learned to help you complete the paper How Does DNA Determine the Traits of an Organism? paper. There is a chart to help you with this on the next page.
Protein Synthesis question examples: