Food and Agriculture in Agenda 2030: 8 points +

Food and Agriculture in Agenda 2030: 8 points + OECD Global Forum on Agriculture Michael T. Clark, Senior Coordinator, Governance and Policy Tuesday, 2 February 2016

Agenda 2030 for Sustainable Development 17 Goals, 169 targets Save us from the SDGs?

MDGs SDGs MDGS Secretariat driven Focus on verticals Reduced set of goals Global agenda to be national agenda Limited ambition vs trends Heavily donor-oriented Primary North-South, official assistance Weak on environment Quiet on policy matters History does not repeat SDGs Member State driven Emphasis on lateral, integrative thinking Broad set of goals National priorities are priorities High ambition vs trends Country ownership Omnidirectional and multiform solidarity Sustainability everywhere Emphasis on creating policy space

Deeper dimensions The SDGs are also informed by a distinctive set of assumptions and commitments: Recognition that inequality is systemic, growth is not inclusive Different policies for different contexts (political economies) and levels of development and capability Need for innovation ( new combinations ) in both policy mixes and supporting institutions

17 SDGs 1. Poverty* 9. Infrastructure and industry 2. Food security, nutrition, 10. Inequality* sustainable agriculture* 3. Health* 11. Sustainable cities 4. Education 12. Sustainable consumption and production * 5. Gender* 13. Climate change* 6. Water* 14. Marine ecosystems* 7. Energy* 15. Terrestrial ecosystems* 8. Growth and 16. Peace and justice* employment* 17. Means of implementation and global partnership*

Agenda 2030 complemented by: The Addis Ababa Action Agenda, the FfD or financing for development framework Outcome of climate change negotiations, or COP21 (Paris, Dec. 2015) SDG indicators being developed by the UN Statistics Commission (UNSC)

Help eliminate hunger, food insecurity and malnutrition (FAO SO1) SDG1 Eliminate poverty in all its forms SDG2 End Hunger, achieve food security, improve nutrition, promote sustainable agriculture SDG5 Achieve gender equality, empower all women and girls SDG8 Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all SDG12 Ensure sustainable production and consumption patterns

Make agriculture, forestry and fisheries more productive and sustainable (FAO SO2) SDG2 End Hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition, and promote sustainable agriculture SDG5 Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls SDG6 Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all SDG12 Ensure sustainable production and consumption patterns SDG14 Conserve and sustainably use oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development SDG15 Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainable manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss.

Coda: An Embarrassment of Riches Targets Related to FAO SO2 (sustainable production): GOALS SDG 2 Zero Hunger SDG 5 Gender Equality SDG 6 Clean Water and Sanitation SDG 7 Affordable Clean Energy SDG 12 Responsible Consumption and Production SDG 14 Life Below Water SDG 15 Life on Land TARGETS 2.3 double productivity; 2.4 sustainable food systems; 2.5 genetic diversity; 2.a invest rural infra; 2.b trade; 2.c functioning food markets 5.b enhance technology for empowerment of women 6.3 water quality; 6.4 water use; 6.5 transboundary cooperation; 6.6 related eco-systems; 6.a ; 6.b 7.1 universal access; 7.a invest in access to clean energy 12.2 sustainable use of natural resources; 12.4 chemicals and wastes; 12.a science and technology capacities 14.2 marine ecosystems; 14.3 ocean acidification; 14.4 harvesting/overfishing; 14.5 conservation; 14.6 subsidies; 14.7 SIDS; 14.a knowledge; 14.b small-scale fishers; 14.c international law 15.1 ecosystems services; 15.2 forests; 15.4 mountains; 15.9 planning; 15. a financial resources; 15.b

Reduce rural poverty (FAO SO3) SDG1 Eliminate poverty in all its forms SDG2 End Hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition, and promote sustainable agriculture SDG3 Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being at all ages SDG5 Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls SDG8 Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all SDG10 Reduce inequality within and among countries SDG12 Ensure sustainable production and consumption patterns

Enable inclusive and efficient agricultural and food systems (FAO SO4) SDG1 Eliminate poverty in all its forms SDG2 End Hunger, achieve food security, improve nutrition, and promote sustainable agriculture SDG5 Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls SDG6 Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all SDG7 Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all SDG12 Ensure sustainable production and consumption patterns

Increase the resilience of livelihoods to disasters (FAO SO5) SDG1 Eliminate poverty in all its forms SDG2 End Hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition, and promote sustainable agriculture SDG11 Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable SDG13 Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts SDG14 Conserve and sustainably use oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development SDG15 Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainable manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss.

To examine some of the policy perspectives informing the SDGs, let s take a deep dive into SDG2, as seen through its targets and indicators

Target 2.1: Ensure food access by all people.. Ind. 2.1.1 Prevalence of Undernourishment (PoU) Ind. 2.1.2 Prevalence of population with moderate or severe food insecurity, based on Food Insecurity Experience Scale (FIES) Target 2.2: End all forms of malnutrition. Ind. 2.2.1 Prevalence of Stunting in children Ind. 2.2.2 Prevalence of child Malnutrition (wasting and overweight) Target 2.3: Double agricultural productivity & incomes of small-scale food producers. Ind. 2.3.1 Volume of production per labour unit by classes of farming/pastoral/forestry enterprise size Ind.2.3.2* Total Factor Productivity* Target 2.4: Ensure sustainable food production systems Ind. 2.4.1* % agricultural area under sustainable agricultural practices* Ind. 2.4.2* % of agricultural households using irrigation systems* Ind. 2.4.2* % of agricultural households using eco-friendly fertilizers* 15

Target 2.5: Maintain genetic diversity. Ind. 2.5.1* Ex-situ crop collections indicator* Ind. 2.5.2* Percentage of local breeds and breeds classified as being at-risk, not-at-risk, & unknown risk of extinction* Target 2.a: Increase investment. Ind. 2.a.1* Agriculture Orientation Index for Government Expenditures Target 2.b: Correct trade distortions in world agricultural markets. Ind. 2.b.1* % change in Import and Export tariffs on agricultural products* Ind. 2.b.2 Agricultural Export Subsidies Target 2.c: Proper functioning of food commodity markets. Ind. 2.c.1* Indicator of (food) Price Anomalies (IPA)* 16

New Modalities: Nutrition 8 Goals 18 Targets 1. End poverty in all its forms everywhere 2. End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture 3. Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages 5. Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls 1.3 social protection systems; 1.5 build resilience of the poor and vulnerable 2.1 ensure access; 2.2 end all forms of malnutrition; 2.3 double agricultural productivity and incomes; 2.4 sustainable food production systems; 2.5 maintain genetic diversity 3.2 end preventable deaths of newborns and children; 3.4 reduce mortality from non-communicable diseases 3.8 universal health coverage 5.1 End all forms of discrimination against all women and girls everywhere 6. Water and sanitation for all 6.1 safe and affordable drinking water; 6.2 sanitation and hygiene 6.4 sustainable supply of freshwater 10. Reduce Inequality; 11: Make cities inclusive, sustainable 12. sustainable consumption and production patterns 10.1 achieve income growth in bottom 60%; 10.7; migration; 11.1 Access to basic services 12.3 Halve global food waste and loss

New Modalities: Nutrition Good Nutrition and Health Immediate Causes Dietary Intake Health Underlying Causes Household access to safe and diverse Food Adequate Maternal and Childcare Practices Access to safe Water, Sanitation and Health Services Basic Causes Quantity and quality of actual human, economic and organisational RESOURCES and the way they are controlled Access to resources: environment, technology, people

New Modalities: Nutrition 2.1; 2.2; 3.2; 12.3 2.5; 3.4; 3.8 ; 6.1; 6.2; 6.4 1.3; 1.5; 2.3; 2.4; 5.1; 10.1; 10.7; 11.1

How? The importance of nexus Example A School Feeding: As developed particularly in Latin America, government procurement linked to local small holder production to raise incomes, diversify and improve nutritional quality, link to education, establish hard and soft (social) infrastructure for reaching pre-school children Example B Territorial approaches to development: Decentralization with resources Example C Social protection combined with agricultural (and rural) development programmes

How? The importance (and aporia) of partnering Partnering of all kinds--from the informal (networks, clusters), to the more formal (PPPs, social technologies ) is an important strategy for achieving integration, mobilizing resources, and for coprovisioning and co-production of key services Partnering is not for amateurs, and the best are motivated by an effective balancing of interests and commitment, sustained over time Partnering is a key opportunity for innovation

Summing Up: Implications for Policy Change in emphasis from single instruments to combinations (presents analytical as well as governance challenges) Context specificity is key (political economy matters for how programmes play out) Willingness and capacity to innovate are as important as evidence-based decision-making Real (not good ) governance capacities must evolve rapidly shared state and non-state responsibilities

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