RTB progress, priorities and planning for climate resilience Jan 22 2016
RTB PROGRAM
A COLLABORATION OF: Broad based collaborative platform Around 200+ research-for-development stakeholders & partners Including private sector
Our Crops Banana Plantain Cassava Potato Sweetpotato Yam Other R&T 300 million small holder farmers and processors depend on RTB crops Buffering role in food systems
Why Roots, Tubers and Bananas? RTBs share Genetic complexity Vegetative propagation, similar seed systems Perishability, bulkiness and post harvest/value chain options
Biological constraints to breeding Breeding complexity Banana Cassava Potato Sweet potato Yam Multi-species + - + - + Polyploidy +++ - ++ ++ ++ Clonal propagation + + + + + Heterozygosity ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ Multiplication rate/year 1:10 1:5 1:10 1:15 1:20 Other constraints: Low seed setting Low germination Crossing difficulties Long generation time
RTB ACHIEVEMENTS
1. Adding value synergistic research: breeding Sequencing and phenotyping data Support genomic analyses (GWAS, GS) for complex traits (eg. potato tuberization and early bulking, fertility and fruit quality in banana) Common Vision RTB data management and bio-informatics Promote linkages CassavaBase, SweetpotatoBase, MusaBase etc with Integrated Breeding Platform and multiple crop/center tools January 2015, Ithaca August 2015, Bioversity Montpellier
1. Adding value synergistic research: breeding Integrating End User Preferences in RTB Breeding Workshop Kampala (Feb 2015) Critical gaps: working across disciplines to fill gaps in knowledge and technical support to bring greater end-user awareness to public sector
1. Adding value: seed, pests and diseases and post harvest Biological and socio-economic surveys pests and diseases along altitudinal gradients Modelling to understand degeneration of planting material and design cost effective interventions Improvement of energy efficiency in cassava processing & adding value to RTB waste products Collaboration with ILRI and CRP Livestock & Fish and CRP Humidtropics
1. Adding value: example Seed degeneration and modelling seed systems Yield loss viruses and seed system major shared constraint Knowledge gap on actual losses and degeneration Common framework: banana, cassava, potato, sweetpotato, yam CG centers, KSU + NARS
General procedure: Field trials linked to modeling Sara (KSU)
Building a Culture of Collaboration Implementing Planning Data management Publishing Evidence based policy
2. Platform for engaging partners RTB part of GCP21 governance Enthusiastically supports GCP21 and ISTRC as partnership organizations
2. Platform for engaging partners Co-constructed impact pathways: Results frameworks validated at national/regional level Basis for defining roles, synergies and coordination mechanisms Cassava processing, Nigeria Potato seed system, Kenya
3. Integrating gender into core research Targeted and linked up approach for gender research: Gender and breeding RTB & NEXTGEN Cassava project pilot study on gender differentiated preferences for cassava traits in Nigeria Critical gaps and building capacity with RTB-University Partnership Gender Integration initiative 9 universities and 6 students in 2015
4. Outstanding external review - IEA 1. Notable progress in past 4 years 2. RTB strongly warrants continuing 3. Well directed, achieving reasonable # of milestones 4. Adding value across crops and centers 5. Science sound 6. NARs appreciative
5. RTB led projects RTB-ENDURE: Expanding utilization of roots, tubers and bananas and reducing their postharvest losses Product differentiation in cooking banana value chain Sweetpotato and RTB crop residues for pig feeds Postharvest innovations for better access to specialized ware potato markets Extending shelf-life of fresh cassava roots
Nigeria Cassava Value Chain & project Seed Quality & Protocols Breeder Seed Foundation seed Commer cial seed growers Farmers / Seed Users Consumer Demand & Money M&E Seed & Information
Cassava seed value chain workshop NRCRI NASC RTB facilitated IITA Context Network Fera SAH
CGIAR AND RTB CHANGES UNDERWAY!
3 System Level Outcomes ----------------------------- 10 Programmatic Intermediate Development Outcomes (IDOs) 30 Programmatic sub-idos ------------------------------ 4 Cross-cutting IDOs 16 Cross-cutting sub-idos ------------------------------ 8 Global Challenges
Global integrating programs Portfolio of CGIAR Research Programs Dryland Cereals and Legumes systems Fish agri-food systems Forest and Agroforestry systems Livestock agri-food systems Maize agrifood systems Rice agri-food systems Roots, tubers and bananas systems Wheat agri-food systems N U T R I T I O N & H E A L T H P I M W L E C L I M A T E C H A N G E Agri-food systems programs G e n e b a n k s
Total number of beneficiaries (2022) 1 20,000,000 people (50% women) increased their income 30,000 small and medium enterprises operating more profitably in RTB seed and processing sectors 8,000,000 farm households increased RTB yield through adoption of improved varieties and sustainable management practices 10,000,000 people (50% women) improved their diet quality (measured by dietary diversity score) 800,000 ha of farm land with soil carbon and nutrients content improved 1,700,000 ha of current RTB production area converted to sustainable cropping systems Primary target countries Africa: Burundi, Cameroon+, Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC)+, Ethiopia++, Ghana+, Ivory Coast, Kenya+, Malawi+, Mozambique+, Nigeria++, Rwanda+, Tanzania++, Uganda+, Zambia+ Americas: Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Haiti, Peru Asia: Bangladesh++, China, India+, Indonesia, Nepal+, Thailand, The Philippines, Vietnam++
CRP Second Phase 2017-2022 Pre-proposal submission and review 2015 Highly collaborative writing team! Close engagement Humidtropics CRP Submission of full proposal and review 2016 Writing process underway
RTB New Program Structure
Six big achievements of RTB! 1. Adding value through synergistic, cross crop research 2. Platform for engaging broad range of partners: ARIs, national programs, private sector and NGOs 3. Integrating gender into core research activities 4. Outstanding external review! 5. RTB led projects in Uganda on post harvest innovation and Nigeria on cassava seed 6. Successfully transitioning to a new agri-food system CRP as part of CGIAR reform
RTB PLANNING FOR CLIMATE RESILIENCE: POVERTY IMPACTS
Sub-Saharan Africa most vulnerable: price rises and climate change World Bank 2016 Shock Waves: Managing the Impacts of Climate Change on Poverty
Food price rises could lead to big increases in poverty World Bank 2016
Per-capita food demand Cereals Roots & tubers Oilseeds Pulses Fruits & veg Meat WLD = World; EAP = East Asia and Pacific; EUR = Europe; FSU = Former Soviet Union; LAC = Latin America and Caribbean; MEN = Middle East and North Africa; NAM = North America; SAS = South Asia; SSA = Sub-Saharan Africa; IFPRI, IMPACT version 3.2, 8 September 2015
Population at risk of hunger: different climate change scenarios EAP = East Asia and Pacific; SAS = South Asia; FSU = Former Soviet Union; MEN = Middle East and North Africa; SSA = Sub-Saharan Africa; LAC = Latin America and Caribbean IFPRI, IMPACT version 3.2, 8 September 2015
Technological change dampening increased food costs: esp SSA Increased food costs World Bank 2016
Climate change, poverty and roots and tubers 1. Climate change will increase food prices 2. Increasing food prices worsens extreme poverty 3. Per capita demand for roots and tubers in SSA significantly higher than cereals in 2050 4. High global emissions scenario, population at risk of hunger declines markedly in most of world, but only slightly in SSA 5. Technological change in roots and tubers essential to dampen food price increases and risk of hunger under any climate change scenario World Bank 2016
RTB PLANNING FOR CLIMATE RESILIENCE: CROP MODELLING
Is cassava the answer to African climate change adaptation? A. Jarvis et al 1. Projections 2030 2. Cassava positively impacted many areas 3.7% to +17.5% changes climate suitability 3. Other staples ( 16% ± 8.8), potato ( 14.7 ± 8.2), banana ( 2.5% ± 4.9), and sorghum ( 2.66% ± 6.45) 4. Ecological niche modeling: cassava mosaic disease, whitefly, brown streak disease and cassava mealybug
Pest Risk Assessment and Climate Change Target Sites along Altitudinal Gradients Climate gradient Burundi, Rusizi Basin: 900 to 2600 m Rwanda, Ruhengeri: 1400 to 2600 m Rusizi Basin, Burundi
Altitude Effects on RTB Pest/Diseases BXW & Fusarium wilt CMD, CBSD & whiteflies
Native Potatoes shift to higher altitudes
Shift to higher altitudes of native potatoes 297m in 50 years Source: Juarez, Pasencia and De Haan
Climate change: potato tuber moth distribution Generation index [2000] [2050] `` Phthorimaea operculella `` 0 1-2 generations / year 3-4 generations / year 5-6 generations / year 7-8 generations / year 8-9 generations / year Economic threshold >4 generations per year Increase from 25.9% to 37.0% total area by 2050. Kroschel, J., Sporleder, M., Tonnang, H.E.Z., Juarez, H., Carhuapoma, P., Gonzales, J.C. and Simon, R. (2013) Predicting climate change caused changes in global temperature on potato tuber moth Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller) distribution and abundance using phenology modeling and GIS mapping. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 170:228-241.
Monitoring Food Safety w/ Climate Change Total Glycoalkaloid concentration (TGA) advanced heat tolerant, disease resistant potato clones Normal versus high temperature conditions in Peru TGA (mg/ 100 g, FW) 60.0 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 La Molina Winter San Ramon Max safe TGA 0.0 Breeder s goal max. TGA Source: Bonierbale, Zum Felde
RTB PLANNING FOR CLIMATE RESILIENCE: RESEARCH OPTIONS
Yields of storage roots vs. pencil roots represent an indicator for heat tolerance. Screening sweetpotato for heat tolerance Evaluation environments (N. Peru): -heat stress (summer): Ø soil temp. at night: 30 C -no-heat stress (winter): Ø soil temp. at night 24 C Plant material: 1973 germplasm accessions CIP genebank. Key prioritized traits: heat tolerance and early bulking, plant performance and yield related traits assessed. Remote sensing fast throughput method to screen effects of heat on biochemical and physiological processes Experimental site in Piura during winter.
Aerial picture: summer 2014 heat stress exposure at maximum storage root bulking. Thermographic image: of summer 2014 heat stress exposure at maximum storage root bulking.
Results Large fraction sweetpotato germplasm heat stress tolerant (i.e., 305 clones with yields >12.2 t ha-1 under stress). Considerable genetic variation heat stress Large pool favorable alleles to heat stress Large and sustainable genetic gains expected Bettina Heider 1, Elisa Romero 1, Raul Eyzaguirre 1, Wolfgang Grüneberg 1, Emile Faye 2, Stef de Haan 1,3 and Merideth Bonierbale 1 1= CIP, 2=IRD (Institut de recherche pour le développement), 3=CIAT
Root System Architecture and its Potential Role in Stress Tolerance in RTB Crops Awais Khan December 8, 2015
Root Traits are Positively Correlated with HI and Tuber Yield under Drought Stress
New paradigm of Genomics-Assisted Climate Sensitive Breeding Do what we were already doing but: Faster Better More intelligently Varshney et al. 2014 Foresight, models and metrics for climate sensitive breeding
8. Wrap up 1. Climate change increase food prices and poverty 2. Largest effect SSA: roots and tubers primary staple 3. Complex picture of climate change impacts 4. Considerable scope adaptation roots and tubers 5. Very large unknowns and unexpected effects 6. Climate sensitive breeding priority 7. Breeding metrics: faster, better, more intelligent 8. High priority for RTB to support teaming up!