Demonstration of IAEA program for water management (WAMP) K. Kavvadias Ph.D Chemical Engineer IAEA Training Workshop September 2017
Introduction Motivation for development Program features and architecture Categorization of water needs in NPPs Criteria and main parameters considered Conclusion Contents Case studies
Need to develop a toolkit to support Efficient Water Management in Nuclear Power Plants IAEA Nuclear Energy Series report No. NP-T-2.6 Objective: Quick, accurate and userfriendly estimation of the water needs of a nuclear power plant Introduction
Features Water Management Program for nuclear power plants Interactive comparison of different cooling systems, reactors and site conditions Water withdrawal and consumption estimation Estimation of economics for cooling systems Mass balance and coneptual sizing of components eg. cooling pond Supported with psychrometric and heat transfer calculations
Water Analysis in NPP Condenser cooling system Ultimate heat sink of the thermodynamic cycle Various types of cooling systems dependent on ambient conditions and site specific climate data. Other supporting systems Based on the type and the size of the power plant Needed in different qualities (industrial, potable, surface)
Cooling system selection is based usually on 3 different criteria Water resources Withdrawal Consumption Economic 1. Cooling systems Capital investment Operating costs Environmental Visual impact, plume Thermal polution etc WAMP is used to estimate all three criteria
Water Resources Withdrawal: Borrow and return process. Water is available for other uses (irrigation, municipal water supply) Consumption: Complete loss of water (evaporation drift etc.). Water is not available
Available cooling system Once Through options Once Through - Cooling Pond Closed loop - Cooling Pond Wet cooling - Mechanical Draft Wet cooling - Natural Draft Dry cooling (Air Condenser) Hybrid - Plume abatement
Economics for the selection of ultimate heat sink Capital Costs Operating cost Energy Penalty Pumping Power Fan Power
Visual Impact Impingement Plume Thermal pollution (discharge in river) Environmental
2. Supporting systems Makeup for secondary loop Makeup for primary loop Waste Treatment Condensate Polishing Plant Component cooling water make up Fire protection Sanitary and potable Amount of water system inventory
Current program Architecture Power plant specifications Ambient Site conditions Psychrometrics Library Databank Cooling system Model Interactive User Interface Detailed Report Charts Tables PDF Export
Interactive Results IAEA Home WAMP Water Management Program RESULTS WATER USE m3/s m3/mwh WITHDRAWAL CONSUMPTION 1.05 0.80 SELECT COOLING SYSTEM: Steam Parameters Air CAPITAL (M$) COSTS OPERATING (M$/yr) 67.0 0.7 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT Visual impact Impingment Plume Thermal polution Condenser Heat Rejected: Steam turbine 1913 MW 41 C 25 C 46 m3/s 35 C Air Power Plant Net reference output 1000 MWe Live Steam Temp 280 C Ambient Conditions MODIFY PARAMETERS Temperature 26 C Condensate 41 C Water to feedwater system 0.3 m3/s 1 m3/s Water Relative Humidity 56% Surface water Temp 25 C Evaporation Discharge Wind Speed 1 m/s 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 m3/s
Detailed Reports
References IAEA Nuclear Energy Series report No. NP-T-2.6 - Efficient Water Management in Nuclear Power Plants IAEA Technical Report Series 155 Thermal Discharges at Nuclear Power Stations ASHRAE Handbook Fundamentals, Chapter: 1 Psychometrics, 2009 SPX Cooling Cooling Tower Fundamentals US Department of Energy Cooling water issues and opportunities, December 2010 Power Plant Engineering, Chapter: Circulating Water Systems, Springer 1996 R. Keith, Plant Engineering Handbook, Butterworth-Heineman 2001 Jin-Kuk Kim, Robin Smith Cooling Water system design, Chemical Engineering Science 56 pp 3641-3658, Pergamon 2001 J. S. Mulbetsch, Cost/Performance Comparison of Alternative cooling systems, EPRI Advanced cooling Strategies Conference, June 2005
Demonstration
Development of WAMP 2.0 Water treatment options: Individual components will be enabled/disabled depending on the water quality specifications. Storage requirements of make-up water based on given grace period (full capacity or shutdown). Evaporation pond (blow down): Sizing of required surface of disposal. Enhance/improve user interface in WAMP including: Visual behaviours of not case-specific elements. Better functionality of scroll bars Include predefined inputs for site conditions: dry, wet climate etc. Information sheet and Glossary.
Water treatment options Suggest required treatment processes based on water quality 1 Ammonia 2 Hardness 3 Total Suspende d Solids
WAMP 2.0 User interface
Conclusion WAMP: Estimation of water needs, costs, and environmental impact Next version will address water treatment and storage needs Fully parameterized: NPP data and weather conditions to fit any site specific case study It is not a magic tool! It is based on conceptual models GIGO (Garbage in, Garbage out) principle still applies Disclaimer: The International Atomic Energy Agency does not bear any responsibility for the accuracy of the results obtained using this code.
Thank you for your attention
Input Variables Case 1 Case 2 Case 3 Case 4 Case 5 Power Plant Data Case Studies Reference Capacity MW(e) 1000 800 1300 700 1000 Reference Efficiency % 33 31 35 33 33 Live Steam Temperature C 280 260 290 280 280 Reactor Type (Light/Heavy Water) Type of Cooling Light Light Heavy Light Heavy Once Through Closed loop - Cooling Pond Wet - Natural Dry cooling Hybrid - Plume abatement Site conditions Average Temperature (Dry bulb) C 30 24 22 28 22 Average Relative Humidity % 35 40 20 50 60 Surface Water Temperature C 20 NA 13 17 19 Site location (Coast/inland) River Inland Coast Inland Coast Specific Parameters per case Wind Speed m/s 1 2.5 2 1 1 River Flow m3/s 800 NA NA NA NA Condenser Approach C 4 5 3 4 5 Condenser Range C 10 8 9 10 10 Cooling Tower Approach C 3 4 6 5 3 Economic Data Projected lifetime of power plant years 40 60 50 60 40 Discount Rate % 5 7 5 5 7 Levelized cost of Electricity $/MWh 50 45 40 50 45 RESULTS Water Withdrawal 168.53 2.86 (COC=15) 2.39 (COC = 15) 0 3.15 Water Consumption 1.52 2.62 2.27 0 2.97 Capital costs 90.3 81.6 108.0 Operating Costs 2.4 8.8 8.2
Temperature Profile Temperature 40 35 30 25 20 15 Condensing Temperature Condenser Approach Condenser Range Cooling Tower Approach Wet Bulb Temperature 10 5 0 Condenser Heat Sink 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 Load (MW)