Woodhead Publishing Series in Energy: Number 17 Oxy-fuel combustion for power generation and carbon dioxide (C02) capture Edited by Ligang Zheng TECHNISCHE INFORM ATI0N5BIBII0THEK UNIVERSITATSBIBLIOTHEK HANNOVER V ' WP WOODHEAD PUBLISHING ppsw*^ ^ i *M Oxford Cambridge Philadelphia New Delhi
Contents Contributor contact details Woodhead Publishing Series in Energy Foreword xi xv xix J. M. Beer, MIT, USA 1 Overview of oxy-fuel combustion technology for carbon dioxide (C02) capture 1 L. Zheng, CanmetENERGY, Natural Resources Canada, Canada 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Oxy-fuel combustion: concepts and components 4 1.3 Oxy-fuel combustion: background and motivation 6 1.4 Existing challenges for oxy-fuel combustion technology 7 1.5 Development of oxy-fuel combustion technology 8 1.6 About this book 9 1.7 Acknowledgements 11 1.8 References 11 Part I Introduction to oxy-fuel combustion 2 Economic comparison of oxy-coal carbon dioxide (C02) capture and storage (CCS) with pre- and post-combustion CCS 17 D. Thimsen, J. Wheeldon and D. Dillon, Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), USA 2.1 Introduction 17 2.2 Oxy-coal power plant systems scope 18 2.3 Oxy-coal carbon dioxide (C02) capture and storage (CCS) cost estimates and comparisons with post- and pre-combustion C02 capture 24 2.4 Conclusions 29 2.5 References 34 v
vi Contents 3 Oxy-fuel power plant operation 35 Y. Tan, CanmetENERGY, Natural Resources Canada, Canada 3.1 Introduction 35 3.2 Flue gas recycle system 36 3.3 Oxygen (02) handling 38 3.4 Leakages 40 3.5 Slagging and ash formation 42 3.6 Flue gas cleaning equipment 43 3.7 Maintenance of oxy-fuel power plants 44 3.8 Plant control systems 45 3.9 Conclusion 52 3.10 References 52 4 Industrial scale oxy-fuel technology demonstration 54 T. Wall and R. Stanqer, The University of Newcastle, Australia 4.1 Introduction 54 4.2 Oxy-fuel demonstrations and large pilot plants 57 4.3 Demonstrations and progress towards commercial deployment 65 4.4 Conclusions 73 4.5 Update 73 4.6 Acknowledgements 74 4.7 References 74 5 Oxy-fuel combustion on circulating fluidized bed (CFB) 77 E. J. Anthony, CanmetENERGY, Natural Resources Canada, Canada and H. Hack, Foster Wheeler North America Corporation, USA 5.1 Introduction 77 5.2 Early work 79 5.3 Other test facilities 82 5.4 CanmetENERGY tests 83 5.5 Longer duration sulphation tests 90 5.6 Large pilot-scale and demonstration projects 95 5.7 References 96 Part II Oxy-fuel combustion fundamentals 6 Ignition, flame stability, and char combustion in oxy-fuel combustion 101 C. Shaddix, Sandia National Laboratories, USA and A. Molina, National University of Colombia, Colombia 6.1 Introduction 101
Contents vii 6.2 Coal ignition 102 6.3 Flame stability 110 6.4 Char combustion 113 6.5 Carbon burnout 118 6.6 Conclusions and future trends 120 6.7 References 122 7 Oxy-coal burner design for utility boilers 125 J. Shan, Siemens Energy, USA and A. Fry, Reaction Engineering International, USA 7.1 Introduction 125 7.2 Overview of air-fired burner design methodology 126 7.3 Changes to burner design criteria and constraints 134 7.4 Oxy-coal burner principles 137 7.5 Commercial oxy-coal burners 139 7.6 Conclusions 141 7.7 References 143 8 Pollutant formation and emissions from oxy-coal power plants 145 Y. Tan, CanmetENERGY, Natural Resources Canada, Canada 8.1 Introduction 145 8.2 Nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions 146 8.3 Sulphur oxide (SOx) emissions 153 8.4 Mercury and trace elements 156 8.5 Ash formation 158 8.6 Integrated emissions control 160 8.7 Vent stream from flue gas compression train 162 8.8 Conclusion 163 8.9 References 163 9 Oxy-fuel heat transfer characteristics and impacts on boiler design 166 Y. Liu, T. Wall, S. Khare, The University ofnewcastle, Australia and R. Gupta, The University of Alberta, Canada 9.1 Introduction 166 9.2 Heat transfer criteria for oxy-fuel combustion 169 9.3 Theoretical heat transfer analysis 173 9.4 Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) radiation heat transfer models 185 9.5 Conclusions 189 9.6 Acknowledgements 190 9.7 References 190 Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2011
viii Contents 10 Current and future oxygen (02) supply technologies for oxy-fuel combustion 195 N. M Prosser and M. M. Shah, Praxair, Inc., USA 10.1 Introduction 195 10.2 Oxygen supply needs for oxy-coal power plants 197 10.3 Vacuum pressure swing adsorption technology 199 10.4 Cryogenic air separation technology 202 10.5 Oxygen transport membrane (OTM) technology 217 10.6 Future trends 223 10.7 Acknowledgements 224 10.8 References 224 11 Carbon dioxide (C02) compression and purification technology for oxy-fuel combustion 228 M. M. Shah, Praxair, Inc., USA 11.1 Introduction 228 11.2 Industrial carbon dioxide (C02) production process 229 11.3 Oxy-fuel flue gas C02 purification process 235 11.4 Recent advances in the oxy-fuel flue gas C02 purification technology 246 11.5 Environmental performance of oxy-fuel power plant 251 11.6 Future trends 252 11.7 Conclusions 253 11.8 Acknowledgements 253 11.9 References 253 Part III Advanced oxy-fuel combustion concepts and developments 12 Direct oxy-coal combustion with minimum or no flue gas recycle 259 H. Kobayashi and L. E. Bool, Praxair, Inc., USA 12.1 Introduction 259 12.2 Prior work on near zero flue gas recycle oxy-fuel fired boilers 260 12.3 Design considerations for near zero flue gas recycle 262 12.4 Separate fired chambers for different steam circuits 265 12.5 Furnace with controlled radiant heating of superheaters and reheaters 266 12.6 Furnace with distributed firing 268 12.7 Furnace with multiple partition walls 270 12.8 Conclusion 271 12.9 References 272
Contents ix 13 High pressure oxy-fuel (HiPrOx) combustion systems 273 B. Clements, R. Pomalis, L. Zheng and T. Herage, CanmetENERGY, Natural Resources Canada, Canada 13.1 Introduction 273 13.2 Rankine cycle power systems 274 13.3 Uses of pressure in power systems 277 13.4 Equipment and operational considerations 281 13.5 Other high pressure power generation systems 286 13.6 The industrial sector 289 13.7 Future trends 291 13.8 Acknowledgements 292 13.9 References 292 14 Chemical-looping combustion for power generation and carbon dioxide (C02) capture 294 H. Jin and X. Zhang, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P. R. China 14.1 Introduction 294 14.2 Principle of systems integration for chemical-looping combustion 299 14.3 Solid looping materials 304 14.4 Design of chemical-looping combustion systems 315 14.5 Chemical-looping combustion systems with different fuels 323 14.6 Future trends 326 14.7 Conclusions 329 14.8 References 330 15 Oxy-fuel combustion of gaseous fuel 335 N. Zhang and W. Han, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P. R. China 15.1 Introduction 335 15.2 Thermodynamic cycles using conventional air separation technology 338 15.3 Thermodynamic cycles using advanced air separation technologies 349 15.4 Use of solid fuel with gasification technology 353 15.5 Future trends 355 15.6 References 360 Index 365