Cambridge International Examinations Cambridge International Advanced Subsidiary Level *9350826115* ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 8291/22 Paper 2 Hydrosphere and Biosphere May/June 2016 Additional Materials: Answer Booklet/Paper READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST Write your Centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in. Write in dark blue or black pen. You may use an HB pencil for any diagrams or graphs. Do not use staples, paper clips, glue or correction fluid. DO NOT WRITE IN ANY BARCODES. 1 hour 30 minutes Electronic calculators may be used. You may lose marks if you do not show your working or if you do not use appropriate units. Section A Answer all questions in this section. Write your answers in the spaces provided on the question paper. Section B Answer one question from this section. Answer the question on the separate answer paper provided. At the end of the examination, 1. fasten all separate answer paper securely to the question paper; 2. enter the question number from Section B in the grid opposite. Section A 1 For Examiner s Use 2 Section B Total This document consists of 14 printed pages and 2 blank pages. DC (LK/FD) 114258/4 [Turn over
2 Section A Answer all questions in this section. Write your answers in the spaces provided. 1 (a) Fig. 1.1 shows part of The Pantanal, the world s largest freshwater wetland located in the Paraguay River Basin in South America. Wetlands are water-based ecosystems. They include lakes, lagoons, marshes and swamps. Wetlands contain a rich diversity of vegetation and wildlife. The information about annual variation in temperature, precipitation and water level is for the lake labelled in the photograph. lake grassland forest min max temperature / C precipitation / mm water 6 4 depth / m 2 0 0 100 m scale 23 33 23 33 22 33 21 33 18 32 16 31 15 30 14 28 17 30 18 31 21 32 23 32 220 204 177 120 51 14 9 13 59 119 152 199 water level J F M A M J J A S month O N D Fig. 1.1
3 (i) With reference to Fig. 1.1, describe the changes in the water level in the lake during the year....[2] (ii) Calculate the annual range in the depth of water in the lake shown in Fig. 1.1....[2] (iii) Explain how the local water cycle of the Pantanal wetland can cause the water level in the lake to change. Include information from Fig. 1.1 in your answer....[6] (iv) Explain why a local water cycle can be described as an open system....[2] [Turn over
4 (b) Fig. 1.2 shows the drainage basin for the Pantanal wetland in Brazil and the location of hydroelectric power (H.E.P.) projects. Fig. 1.3 shows additional information for the same Pantanal wetland area. N Paraguai Paraguai R. Cuia R. bá R. Piquiri Bolivia R. Taquari ro R. Neg Paraguay Key extent of the Pantanal wetland area river basin Pantanal watershed rivers country border Brazil state boundary 0 100 km H.E.P. projects in operation and planned small hydro-electric station <1 MW small hydro-electric plant >1 MW hydro-electric plant >30 MW Fig. 1.2
5 N Cáceres Nobres MATO GROSSO Cuiabá Chapada dos Guimarães Transpantaneira Poconé Rondonópolis Porto Jofre BOLIVIA PANTANAL Corumbá Coxim Miranda Campo Grande PARAGUAY MATO GROSSO DO SUL 0 100 0 100 km Key rivers dirt road (Transpantaneira) surfaced roads country border Brazil state boundary Pantanal wetland lowland / upland areas of Brazil cattle ranches airport river transportation town city Fig. 1.3 With reference to Fig. 1.2 and Fig. 1.3, describe and explain the threats to the water stores of wetlands such as the Pantanal from human activity......................... [Turn over
6........................[8] [Total: 20]
7 2 (a) Fig. 2.1 shows the variations in vegetation structure, available light and the rate of photosynthesis in a tropical rainforest ecosystem. vegetation structure height height 0 20 40 60 80 100 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 available light / % rate of photosynthesis / arbitrary units Fig. 2.1 With reference to Fig. 2.1, describe and explain the variation in the rate of photosynthesis with increasing height in the tropical rainforest.........................[4] [Turn over
(b) Fig. 2.2 shows ecological pyramids for a tropical rainforest. 8 producers pyramid of numbers pyramid of biomass Fig. 2.2 (i) What is meant by the terms pyramid of numbers and pyramid of biomass?...[2] (ii) Describe and explain the difference in the shape of the pyramid of numbers and the pyramid of biomass for the tropical rainforest ecosystem shown in Fig. 2.2....[4]
9 (c) Madagascar is located off the coast of East Africa in the Indian Ocean. Fig. 2.3 shows the change in the extent of tropical rainforest in Madagascar. Fig. 2.4 shows conservation strategies which aim to reduce further negative impact from human activity upon the tropical rainforest. Key N tropical rainforest other land Africa Tropic of Cancer N original extent of tropical rainforest Equator Madagascar Tropic of Capricorn 0 1000 km remaining extent of tropical rainforest 0 200 km Fig. 2.3 (i) Suggest two reasons for the change in the extent of tropical rainforest in Madagascar shown in Fig. 2.3....[2] [Turn over
10 N Key towns tropical rainforest other land Iharanar n Antalaha Indian Ocean tropical rainforest protected areas in Madagascar strict nature reserve national park special reserves habitat / species management area managed resource protected areas Toamasina Antananarivo Mananjary Taolagnaro 0 200 km Fig. 2.4
11 (ii) With reference to Fig. 2.4, suggest how conservation strategies reduce the human impact upon the remaining tropical rainforest ecosystems of Madagascar....[8] [Total: 20] [Turn over
12 Section B Answer one question from this section. 3 Fig. 3.1 shows the global availability of freshwater in cubic metres per person per year in 2007. 60 N N Tropic of Cancer Equator Tropic of Capricorn 60 S Key freshwater availability / cubic metres per person per year insufficient freshwater sufficient supply of freshwater available 0 1000 1700 2500 684 000 data not available Fig. 3.1 (a) With reference to Fig. 3.1, describe and suggest reasons for the distribution of areas which have insufficient freshwater resources available. [10] (b) Using examples, describe ways in which insufficient supplies of water can be managed. Assess to what extent the difficulties encountered in providing a sustainable freshwater supply are being overcome. [30] [Total: 40]
13 4 Fig. 4.1 shows the population growth since 1950 and projected population growth to 2050 for countries at different levels of economic development. population / billion people 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 projected growth least economically developed less economically developed 3 2 1 0 1950 1970 1990 2010 2030 2050 more economically developed year Key least economically developed countries less economically developed countries more economically developed countries Fig. 4.1 (a) With reference to Fig. 4.1, describe and explain the trends shown in population growth and projected growth to 2050 for countries at different levels of economic development. [10] (b) With reference to population models, discuss whether economic and social development is unsustainable as world population continues to increase. Use examples from different countries. [30] [Total: 40] [Turn over
14 5 Fig. 5.1 shows processes involved in the treatment of sewage. coarse screens screening and grit for disposal sewerage system primary sedimentation tanks raw sludge sewage sludge aeration tanks air final settling tanks recycled water disinfection with chlorine and / or ultraviolet (UV) light recycled water restricted agricultural and landscape reuse indirect potable (drinking) use filtration industrial and domestic reuse (not for drinking) agricultural reuse Fig. 5.1 (a) With reference to Fig. 5.1, outline benefits and problems for health and the environment of the processes involved in the treatment of sewage. [10] (b) Using examples, assess the extent to which river management policies are effective in controlling river pollution. [30] [Total: 40]
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