UN/Pakistan/PSIPW/4th International Conference on the Use of Space Technology for Water Management (26 Feb - 02 March 2018), Islamabad Pakistan GIS BASED IDENTIFICATION OF WATER BORNE DISEASES Authors: Hania Arif Affiliation(s): University of the Punjab, Lahore & PDMA (Punjab)
OUTLINE OVERVIEW PARAMETERS STUDY AREA WHO STANDARDS FOR DRINKING WATER METHODOLOGY ANALYSIS RESULTS CONCLUSION
OVERVIEW AROUND 62% OF URBAN POPULATION AND 84 PER CENT OF RURAL POPULATION DON T HAVE ACCESS OF SAFE WATER. WATERBORNE DISEASES SPREAD BY DRINKING CONTAMINATED WATER. USE OF UNSAFE WATER RESULTS IN FATAL DISEASES, LIKE TYPHOID, DIARRHOEA, INTESTINAL WORMS AND HEPATITIS. APPROXIMATELY, 25,000 CHILDREN BELOW 5 YEAR, DIE EVERY YEAR OWING TO WATERBORNE DISEASES. ABOUT 1.4 MILLION CHILDREN DIE WORLDWIDE YEARLY DUE TO DRINKING DIRTY WATER. THE DEATH RATE IS ALARMINGLY VERY HIGH AND THE MORTALITY IS INCREASING.
OVERVIEW ACCORDING TO A RESEARCH, 250,000 DIE EVERY YEAR IN PAKISTAN. WATERBORNE DISEASES ARE COSTING ABOUT $1.3BILLION DOLLARS EVERY YEAR TO THE PAKISTAN S ECONOMY. CONTAMINATED WATER RESULTS IN 40 PC DEATHS IN COUNTRY. IT IS UNFORTUNATE THAT THE PEOPLE DON T CARE ABOUT POTABLE WATER. NON AVAILABILITY OF CLEAN WATER LEADS TO SEVERAL DISEASES, ESPECIALLY WATERBORNE DISEASE, AS THE WATER WE DRINK IS FULL OF DIRT AND DEADLY WORMS WHICH ARE HARMFUL FOR HUMAN HEALTH.
WATER RELATED DISEASES THE WATER RELATED DISEASES CLASSIFIED INTO 4 CATEGORIES. WATER-BORNE DISEASES WATER-WASHED DISEASES WATER-BASED DISEASES WATER-RELATED DISEASES
WATER BORNE DISEASES WATER-BORNE DISEASE IS A DISEASE WHICH IS A COMMUNICABLE ONE CAUSED BY DRINKING CONTAMINATED WATER OR EATING FOOD COOKED WITH SUCH WATER CONTAMINATED WITH HUMAN OR ANIMAL EXCRETA (FACES OR URINE). SO BOTH WATER AND FOOD CAN BE THE SOURCE OR WAY OF TRANSFER OF WATER-BORNE DISEASES.
PARAMETERS
ARSENIC ARSENIC IS A CHEMICAL ELEMENT WITH SYMBOL AS AND ATOMIC NUMBER 33. ARSENIC OCCURS IN MANY MINERALS, USUALLY IN COMBINATION WITH SULFUR AND METALS. ARSENIC IS RELATED TO HEART DISEASE (HYPERTENSION-RELATED CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE), CANCER, STROKE (CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASES), CHRONIC LOWER RESPIRATORY DISEASES, AND DIABETES. CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO ARSENIC IS RELATED TO VITAMIN A DEFICIENCY, WHICH IS RELATED TO HEART DISEASE AND NIGHT BLINDNESS. LONG-TERM EXPOSURE TO ARSENIC IN DRINKING WATER CAN CAUSE CANCER IN THE SKIN, LUNGS, BLADDER AND KIDNEY. IT CAN ALSO CAUSE OTHER SKIN CHANGES SUCH AS THICKENING AND PIGMENTATION.
FLUORIDE FLUORIDE IS NATURALLY PRESENT AT LOW CONCENTRATION IN MOST FRESH AND SALTWATER SOURCES AND MAY ALSO BE PRESENT IN RAINWATER. INGESTION OF FLUORIDE AFTER SIX YEARS OF AGE WILL NOT CAUSE DENTAL FLUOROSIS. CHRONIC HIGH-LEVEL EXPOSURE TO FLUORIDE CAN LEAD TO SKELETAL FLUOROSIS. IN SKELETAL FLUOROSIS, FLUORIDE ACCUMULATES IN THE BONE PROGRESSIVELY OVER MANY YEARS. THE EARLY SYMPTOMS OF SKELETAL FLUOROSIS, INCLUDE STIFFNESS AND PAIN IN THE JOINTS.
NITRATE NITRATE IN GROUNDWATER ORIGINATES PRIMARILY FROM FERTILIZERS, SEPTIC SYSTEMS, AND MANURE STORAGE OR SPREADING OPERATIONS. FERTILIZER NITROGEN THAT IS NOT TAKEN UP BY PLANTS, VOLATILIZED, OR CARRIED AWAY BY SURFACE RUNOFF LEACHES TO THE GROUNDWATER IN THE FORM OF NITRATE. DISEASES FROM NITRATE EXCESS, BLUE BABY SYNDROME CANCER
TDS (TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLIDS) IT IS A CHEMICAL PROPERTY OF WATER. HAVE UNPLEASANT ODORS. IT MAY TASTE BITTER, SALTY, OR METALLIC AND MAY IF A PERSON DRINKS 2 PINTS OF WATER A DAY, THIS WILL TOTAL 4500 GALLONS OF WATER PASSING THROUGH HIS BODY OVER A 70 YEAR SPAN. IF THE WATER IS NOT TOTALLY PURE, THIS 4500 GALLONS WILL INCLUDE 200-300 POUNDS OF ROCK THAT THE BODY CANNOT UTILIZE. MOST WILL BE ELIMINATED THROUGH EXCRETORY CHANNELS. BUT SOME OF THIS WILL STAY IN THE BODY, CAUSING STIFFNESS IN THE JOINTS, HARDENING OF THE ARTERIES, KIDNEY STONES, GALL STONES AND BLOCKAGES OF ARTERIES, MICROSCOPIC CAPILLARIES AND OTHER PASSAGES IN WHICH LIQUIDS FLOW THROUGH OUR ENTIRE BODY.
WHO STANDARDS FOR DRINKING WATER Sr. # Parameters WHO Standards 1 Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) 1000 mg/l 2 Arsenic (As) 0.05 ppm 3 Fluoride 1.5 mg/l 4 Nitrate 50 mg/l 5 Nitrite 0.3 mg/l
STUDY AREA
Study Area
DISTRICT LAHORE LAHORE IS A DISTRICT OF PUNJAB PROVINCE AND ALSO KNOWN AS THE CAPITAL OF THE PUNJAB. THE TOTAL AREA IS 1,772 SQUARE KILOMETERS (684 SQ. MI). ACCORDING TO THE 2017 CENSUS, THE POPULATION OF LAHORE IS 11,126,285. 170 SURVEY POINTS ARE COLLECTED FOR ANALYSIS.
METHODOLOGY
FLOW CHART Satellite Imagery & DEM Demarcation of Land Features Water Data Spatial Data Sampling through GPS Drainage Pattern Hospital Data Define Parameters as per WHO Standards Interpolation Water Borne Diseases Data (non Spatial data) Validation
SAMPLE LOCATIONS
WATER SAMPLE LOCATIONS
LAHORE HEALTH DATA HEALTH SAMPLE LOCATIONS
ANALYSIS
Krining interpolation technique is used. With the help of GIS, identify the contaminated area of polluted water and that flows from different sources which are causes of water pollution. Against each parameter interpolation is being done upon which are able to highlights those areas having higher concentration of toxic materials. Maps shows the vulnerability of drinking water which is contaminated by toxified elements.
RESULTS/VALIDATION WATER QUALITY INDEX: It is a technique to rating the influence of individual water quality parameters on the overall quality of water for human consumption. HOSPITAL DATA Focus Group Discussion Non Spatial Data Validation w.r t Water Samples EQUATION = [{(AV-IV)/(SV-IV)}*100] AV = AVAILABLE VALUE IV = IDEAL VALUE SV = STANDARD VALUE
WATER QUALITY INDEX (WQI)
CONCLUSION The results indicated that the concentrations of all parameters were higher in groundwater samples of Lahore District. They were found toxic elements in water samples which is collected by survey, among different parameters studied in water samples TDS, As, F, NO 3, NO 2 was found within the permissible limits for drinking. The results of the water samples indicated that most of the area is effected by these elements and its effect on ground water and the surface water. It s just not polluted the water it s also effect the people health badly. These elements have long term effect on people health and its damages the bones, skin and other features of human body and its validity by hospital (non spatial data).
RECOMMENDATION Identify source of pollution and control is on serious note. Finding a way to develop cheap filtration systems and better waste disposal management systems is going to be a vital step towards improving the health of our drinking water and the bodies of water that surround us. To make awareness among People about drinking water standard and water borne diseases. All water sources supervised on regular basses.
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