Ir Dr. Barry Lee Director, Environmental Engineering Operation, ATAL Engineering Limited 21 st April, 2017 1
Current Food Waste Situation in Hong Kong Trends of Food-waste-to-energy across the Globe Plan of Food Waste Strategies in Hong Kong Challenges and Opportunities Conclusions 2
MSW disposal: ~10,000 tonnes/day (2015) Food waste: ~3,300 tonnes/day (2015) = ~1.4 Olympic-size swimming pools Composition of MSW disposed of at landfills in 2015 Composition of municipal food waste disposed Source: Hong Kong Waste Reduction website 3
1.27kg 0.77kg 0.95kg 1.00kg 0.54kg 0.31kg 0.27kg 0.23kg Metro Tokyo Seoul City Taipei City Hong Kong Domestic Waste Food Waste
Kowloon Bay Pilot Composting Plant (>0.1%) Landfill Livestock Farming Private Facility (1 2%) Small food waste treatment 5 facilities on site (>0.3%)
Taiwan 75% converted to pig feed Food Waste Recycling Plant in Tokyo Eco Town Project Japan 75% Korea 40% converted to animal feed Source: Tokyo Metropolitan Government, Taiwan Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Home compost popular in Japan, UK, USA Taiwan - 24% Korea 50% food waste converted to compost Source: Taiwan Government
Source: Tokyo Metropolitan Government Combustible waste: Kitchen refuse, wood and grass, waste paper (including food waste) 8 21 incinerators
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Mature Compost Internal Plant Power Supply Electricity Power Grid Exportation Source-separated Food Waste Pretreatment + Anaerobic Digester Heat Energy Plant Reuse Recycle Waste Water Waste Water To Public Sewer OSCAR Bioenergy JV- Tender Presentation Inert Materials
Advantages Generation of biogas and fertilizer Reduce greenhouse gas emission High-loads can be treated Disadvantages Experts are required High sensitivity of methanogenic bacteria to chemical compounds Sulphurous compounds can lead to odor Comparison of greenhouse gas emission from different waste management methods Source: Biocycle.net
Wet (12-15% dry content) Dry (~30% dry content) More preferred when the feedstock are in liquid or slurry condition Requires less pre-treatment Consume more energy Uses less water and less energy More effluent Less organic material in the residue Less tolerant of contaminants in digester Higher operational stability Good where plastic bag contamination Lower investment cost Source: Technical University of Braunschweig, Germany and Biocycle.net 12
Anaerobic treatment facilities (cumulative) in Germany Source: Technical University of Braunschweig, Germany 13
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To reach the Euro 2020 strategy target Landfill bans/restrictions on food waste has been introduced in several European countries Subsidies are paid to renewable energy industry 600 500 400 300 200 100 MSW by type of treatment, EU-27, (kg per capita), 2007-2015 8.0% 6.0% 4.0% 2.0% 0.0% -2.0% -4.0% -6.0% -8.0% Annual growth rate of MSW kg per capita by types of treatment, 2011-2015 0 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Landfill Incineration Recycling Biological Treatment Other Source: Eurostat -10.0% -12.0% 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Landfill Incineration Recycling Biological Treatment 16
Germany: 0% landfill rate on bio-degradable municipal waste including food waste 100% Biodegradable municipal waste disposal methods in Germany, 2010-2014 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Incineration Biological Treatment Recycling Example: AVA, Augsburg, Germany Anaerobic Digestion (AD) installed in 2013 Capacity: 61,000 TPA of bio-waste including food waste Product: 35 million kwh of biomethane Source: Federal Statistical Office of Germany and biocycle.net 17
100% Wet organic waste disposal methods in Norway, 2012-2014 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 2012 2013 2014 Example: EGE Biogas, Oslo, Norway Operating since 2013 Capacity: 50,000 TPA of food waste Product: 14,000 Nm3/day biomethane Recycling Composting Biogas production Incineration Others Source: Statistics Norway and wartsila.com 18
Source: OWS 19
Different from countries to countries 3 main trends: 1. Electricity generation (UK and Germany) 2. Converting biogas into automotive fuel (Sweden and Norway) 3. Injecting the biogas into gas grid (France and Denmark) Source: Waste Management World and marchesbiogas.com 20
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100% Food waste disposal methods in USA, 2011-2014 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 2011 2012 2013 2014 Recycling and Composting Incineration Landfill Source:EPA and Biogas Council 22
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Thousand Tones Annual Disposal of Food Waste in South Korea Usage of Food Waste in South Korea (2013) 6,200 8% 5,200 43% 49% 4,200 Feedstuff 3,200 Composting 2,200 Energy generation 1,200 200 2007 2008 2009 2010 Year 2011 2012 2013 Until 2013, two Anaerobic Digestion plant were built Dongdaemun Environmental Resources Center( 首爾東大門 ) Busan Resource Recycling Plant ( 釜山生谷 ) Source: Department of Environmental Protection, Taipei City Government 24
Anaerobic Digestion Capacity: 36,000 TPA of food waste Product: 20.4 MW of electricity per day Source: Department of Environmental Protection, Taipei City Government 25
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Jonan-jima Food Recycling Facility Started operating in April 2006 Maximum 110t per day Collect food waste from Food manufacturers, convenience stores, hotels, food service facilities, etc. Anaerobic Digestion Source: Tokyo Metropolitan Government, BIOENERGY Corporation 27
Methane gas generated is used as fuel for power generation by fuel cells and gas engines. generate 24,000 kwh per day, equivalent to the power consumption of 2,400 households. Half of power is sold to electric power companies, while the remainder is consumed for operation of facilities. Source: Tokyo Environmental Public Service Corporation 28
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Thousand Tones Annual disposal of Food waste in Tai Wan 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 Food waste Collection 200 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 Year The annual disposal of food waste was 609,706 tones in 2015 Source: Environmental Protection Administration Executive Yuan, R.O.C (Taiwan) 30
Usage of Food Waste in 2014 Pig feeding 28.38% 71.45% Composting Source: Environmental Protection Administration Executive Yuan, R.O.C (Taiwan) 31
Few qualified private compost facilities in northern Taiwan Public concerns about odors released by private recyclers Hard to outsource exceed food waste In 2015, plan to build the first biogas plant in the Taiwan Plans for Policy Implementation in 2016 Finish the evaluation of the feasibility of building the biomass power plant in Taipei. Decide an operation manner, optimization technique and the place of the plant. Plan the construction and evaluate the environmental impact assessment. Build the first large biomass power plant in Taiwan. Construct the biomass recycling. Resolve the kitchen waste problem and turn it into energy. Source: Department of Environmental Protection, Taipei City Government 32
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2. 1. 3. Landfill Source: Food Waste & Yard Waste Plan For Hong Kong 2014-2022 34
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Effective use of energy produced CLP on grid Exportation OWTF Plant Electricity SBR(WWTP) ASP Bio gas Heat De-sulphurisation System Food Waste Anaerobic Digester Combined Heat and Power Unit Absorption Chiller Heat OSCAR Bioenergy JV- Tender Presentation Composting and Maturation Tunnels
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How can we encourage the residents to reduce and separately collect food waste at their congested kitchen? Dumping food waste free of charge OR banning food waste from landfill through policy legislation Source: Greeners Action, Environmental Campaign Committee
How can we collect food waste separately at the residential buildings? Limited living space Separate container / bag OR collect at the designated location of a building Source: EPD, HKSAR
Odor and hygiene control Source: NewJersey.com
Limited use of compost and animal feed Voluntary Surrender Scheme for Poultry (2005) and Pig Farms (2006) Buyout Scheme for Poultry Farms (2008)
Source: Hong Kong Blueprint for Sustainable Use of Resources 2013-2022
Proposed OWTF Phase III Shek Kong ( 石崗 ) 44
Save in landfill space Less carbon dioxide emission Generate useful resources Thus suitable way out for HK!
Policies making Waste fee exemption for food waste Public Engagement Infrastructure Food waste collection infrastructures for household Transportation network Treatment facilities
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