INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION Presented by Steve ALLAN IECQ Projects Officer May 2014 - Moscow
Who is the IEC? IEC is the International Electotechnical Commission Founded in 1906 to promote international co-operation on all questions of standardization and related matters in the fields of Electrotechnology, including Conformity Assessment. IEC provides a platform to companies, industries and governments for meeting, discussing and developing the International Standards they require. The world s leading organization for the preparation and publication of International Standards for Electrotechnology. As defined in the IEC Masterplan, the two pillars of IEC are: 1. Standardisation & 2.Conformity Assessment of electrotechnologies
IEC Family: 164 countries Global Reach 82 Members 82 Affiliates (Offices in 5 Countries) IEC Central Office Geneva Regional Offices in Brazil, Singapore, Nth America and Australia 3
Where are we? 4
Structure of the IEC Management Advisory Committees IEC Council Council Board (CB) Executive Committee (ExCo) Central Office Strategic Groups Standardization Management Board (SMB) Conformity Assessment Board (CAB) Market Strategy Board (MSB) Technical Advisory Committees Technical Committees (TC) SC PT MT WG Systems IECQ IECEE IECEx IECRE Special Working Groups Special Working Groups 5
Benefits of Preparing Standards thru IEC IEC Brand Global recognition WTO + UN recognised + + + More and more IEC Standards adopted Nationally Open and Transparent Process Clearly defined rules (ISO/IEC Directives, IEC Statutes) Transparency in process and results Industry have a say and provide direct input Direct industry involvement at all levels, eg Management,Committee, MTs and expert WGs 6
Benefits of Conducting Conformity Assessment thru IEC IEC Brand Global recognition - industry International recognition eg WTO + UN recognised IEC Reports and Certificates used Nationally Open and Transparent Process Clear Rules Transparency in process and results Industry have a say and provide direct input. Consistency in CA processes among participating Certification/Test Bodies 7
IEC Structure Conformity Assessment CONFORMITY ASSESSMENT BOARD Management of CA policy and Systems Deals with Conformity Assessment matters of the Commission (IEC) Administers / Oversees Conformity Assessment Systems Current Examples Input to ISO/CASCO Conformity Assessment Systems IECEE ILAC/IAF Liaison IECEx Others, WTO, UNECE etc IECQ IECRE 8
Terminology/meaning can be Confusing?? CONFORMITY ASSESSMENT -Accreditation -Certification -Testing -Audit -Attestation -Inspection -Approval -Declaration -Surveillance - First Party Conformity Assessment -Second Party Conformity Assessment -Third Party Conformity Assessment -Peer Assessment -Others 9
Certificate of Conformity versus Test Report Test Report:- What Information is being conveyed by a Test Report? Who is the legal owner of the Test Report? Should an End User have free access to a Test Report, how? How long is a test report Valid, after its issue? Certificate of Conformity (third Party according to ISO/IEC Guide 67) What Information is being conveyed by a Certificate? Who is the legal owner of the Certificate? Should an End User have free access to a Certificate, how? How long is a Certificate Valid, after its issue? 10
Key Demand Drivers for IEC CA Removal of costly duplication of testing/cert at local level + delays to accessing markets Confidence among Industry, Regulators + Stakeholders equipment + Systems, high capital cost Confidence among Bodies (Labs + Certifiers), level playing field for CBs and TLs to compete Portability of assessment results + certs CA Services + Personnel Cert generally not covered elsewhere, eg Systems Approach Instant access to information, including On- Line Certificates instant checking. 11
Conformity Assessment Offerings CAB - Conformity Assessment Board IECEE System for Conformity Testing and Certification of Electrotechnical Equipment and Components IECEx System for Certification to Standards Relating to Equipment for use in Explosive Atmospheres IECQ Quality Assessment System for Electronic Components IECRE IEC General System for Certification to Standards relating to plant, equipment and services associated with Renewable Energy Systems IEC Wind Systems WT-CAC IEC Solar Energy Scheme IEC Marine Energy Scheme 12
RE System Common Elements IECRE System IEC WT-CAC Wind Scheme IECME Marine Energy Scheme IEC Solar Energy Scheme Field Factory Type 1) Turbine Design 2) Turbine Testing 3) Mfg. Quality Project 1) Installation 2) Commissioning 3) Operation Type 1) ME Design? 2) ME Test? 3) Mfg. Quality? Project 1) Installation? 2) Commissioning? 3) Operation Type 1) Panel + Converter Design 2) Panel + Converter Test 3) Mfg. Quality Project 1) Installation? 2) Commissioning? 3) Operation? 13
18 October 2013 IECRE meeting outcomes Review of Basic Rules drafts Timeframe November 2013 IECRE mtg in Paris to capture Marine Energy and WG16 experts April 2014 Meeting to finalise the Draft Basic Rules June 2014 Seek CAB approval of IECRE Basic Rules September 2014-1 st meeting of the new IECRE Management Committee {assuming CAB approves BR} Sectors encouraged to start/continue developing Rules of Procedures for specific schemes within their Sectors. 14
International Electrotechnical Commission IEC System for IEC Quality Assessment System For Electronic Components 15
What is IECQ IECQ (IEC Quality Assessment System for Electronic Components) is a worldwide approval and certification system that covers the supply, assembly, associated materials and processes of a large variety of electronic components that are used in millions of devices and systems. The IECQ Certification System provides manufacturers with independent verification that IEC International Standards and other specifications were met by suppliers who hold an IECQ certification. 16
IECQ Helping Industry The IECQ is about assurance and cost-cutting. Electrical and electronic products comprise many, sometimes hundreds of individual components and sub-assemblies. The well-known brand manufacturers and their purchasing managers want to be assured that the electronic components used in their products are of the required quality and reliability. To minimize incoming inspection costs and eliminates the quality auditing of suppliers, they can chose components suppliers who hold IECQ product certifications for their components. 17
IECQ System - Foundation Business to Business Supply Chain Verification Tool Covering Electronic Components Related Materials Related Assemblies Related Processes 18
IECQ Value Proposition Replaces multiple 2 nd Party assessments of suppliers with One IECQ Supplier Assessment. Benefits to Industry Cost Savings Savings in Resources Consistency in Supplier assessments Confidence in Supply Chain On-Line Certificates 19
IECQ Principles One single set of Rules and Operational Procedures for ALL IECQ approved Certification Bodies (CBs) to follow ALL IECQ CBs undergo the single assessment process (based on Peer Assessment) Single Certificate Format used by ALL IECQ CBs world wide All Certificates issued via the IECQ On-Line System and located in the one place - public access and search If IECQ Certificate is not showing on the IECQ Website it does not exist!! 20
Qualification, Conformity, Integrity IECQ Approved Component Qualification Validation of performance and reliability to detailed specifications Continuous verification of production capabilities and produced product to achieve IECQ Mark IECQ Approved Component and Process IECQ Mark of Conformity IECQ Approved Process Distributors Handling and Distributing IECQ MoC marked product though a Certificated Supply Chain maintains integrity 21
Schemes within the IECQ System IECQ System www.iecq.org Approved Process Scheme (IECQ AP) E.g. ESD etc. Counterfeit Avoidance Programme (IECQ CAP) New Approved Component Scheme (IECQ AC) (Production of Components +Assemblies) Automotive Qualification Programme (IECQ AQP) New IECQ HSPM Scheme IECQ QC 080000 Hazardous Substance Process Management IECQ Avionics Scheme (IECQ ECMP) Electronic Component Management Plan IECQ Independent Testing Laboratory Scheme (IECQ ITL) 22
Overview of IECQ Documentation IECQ 01 IECQ Basic Rules IECQ 02 Acceptance of IECQ Certification Bodies IECQ 03 Series IECQ Scheme Rules IECQ 03-1 - IECQ General Scheme IECQ 03-2 IECQ Approved Process Scheme IECQ 03-3 IECQ Approved Components Scheme IECQ 03-3-1 IECQ Technology Certification IECQ 03-3-2 IECQ Automotive Qualification IECQ 03-4 IECQ Avionics Scheme (ECMP) IECQ 03-5 IECQ HSPM Scheme IECQ 03-6 IECQ ITL Scheme IECQ 03-7 IECQ CAP Programme IECQ 04 Series IECQ Training Program 23
IECQ Approved Process Scheme Covers Processes used within Component Manufacturing and Distribution Example: Management of Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) to IEC 61340-5-1 Subcontracting Processes Distribution chains Counterfeit Avoidance Program (NEW) 24
IECQ Approved Process Scheme What can be covered Traditionally approach Specifications developed by IEC TCs Processes within Generic, Sectional, Detailed or other IEC etc. New approach Industry accepted Specifications or Standards where an IEC Standard does not exist. Example: IPC-A-610 for the Acceptability of Electronic Assemblies IPC/JEDEC J-STD-033B for Handling, Packing, Shipping and Use of Moisture/Reflow Sensitive Surface Mount Devices 25
IECQ Approved Component Scheme Qualification Approval Companies have an IECQ Certified System for the evaluation of completed components Capability Approval Companies have an IECQ Certified System covering the manufacturing process of Specified components to provide confidence that each of the mass produced items will comply with the declared Standards and Specifications Automotive Qualification Programme (NEW) Provides the automotive industry with an effective tool to ensure that the components they are buying meet expected quality, safety and reliability requirements to the declared Standards and Specifications 26
IECQ Approved Component Scheme Traditionally Approach Specifications developed by IEC TCs Qualification and Reliability to Generic, Sectional, Detailed or other IEC etc. Long Process New Approach IECQ has the ability to rapidly develop industry base Specifications to which Conformity can be assessed. QC 32100-C001 Issue 1 June 2007 Component Specification for Multilayer Ceramic Capacitors QC 88000-C002 Issue 1 Component Specification for Ceramic Hermetically Sealed High Speed Optocouplers QC 03-3-2/TW0001 Issue 1 March 2014 - Resistive Touch Panel 27
Rapid Development of IECQ Component Specifications Company determines the need for an industry Component specification and assessment specification Company creates a component or product specification and assessment specification according to requirements in IECQ 03-3 Completed component specification is submitted to IECQ CB for technical review and approval Approved component specification and/or assessment specification is sent to IECQ by the IECQ CB for posting in the IECQ On-Line Specification Database 28
IECQ Approved Component Scheme - Steps to achieve Certification Application for Approved Component IECQ 03-3; 8.2 Application Review and Confirmation IECQ 03-3; 8.2 Review of Quality Plan Summary IECQ 03-3; 8.2.1 Selection of Samples IECQ 03-3; 8.4 Preform Testing in accordance with Test Schedule IECQ 03-3; 8.2 & 8.4 Approved Component Report IECQ 03-3; 8.4 Technical Review are requirements Fulfilled? IECQ 03-3; 8.5 Granting for the IECQ AC Certification IECQ03-3; 8.5 Issuing IECQ AC Certificate of Conformity IECQ OD 15 29
IECQ Hazardous Substance Process Management (IECQ HSPM) Covers Manufacturers, Assemblers and Suppliers of electronic components and related assemblies, materials and Processes. That Hazardous substances are managed + controlled by the organisation according to declared Regulations + Standards IECQ QC 080000 specification provides the System framework 30
IECQ Hazardous Substance Process Management (IECQ HSPM) IECQ QC 080000 ADDS to ISO 9001 IECQ QC 080000 builds on the existing Generic Quality Management System Requirements of ISO 9001 ISO 9001 MUST be read in conjunction with IECQ QC 080000 31
IECQ Hazardous Substance Process Management (IECQ HSPM) IECQ QC 080000 ADDS to ISO 9001 IECQ QC 080000 includes the requirements for managing Hazardous Substances that are in addition to the base line Management System requirements of ISO 9001 To facilitate easy use, QC 080000 uses the same Clause numbering as ISO 9001 32
IECQ Hazardous Substance Process Management (IECQ HSPM) Specific Rules to ALL IECQ CBs Rules published in IECQ 03-5, which includes standard assessor days for all IECQ CBs IECQ CB Assessment Team MUST comprise Technical experts + completed IECQ HSPM Training 33
IECQ Hazardous Substance Process Management (IECQ HSPM) Specific Rules to ALL IECQ CBs ALL manufacturing locations are assessed, no sampling Deficiencies are not to be recorded or reported as Observations, where they exist these are formal Non Conformances 34
IECQ Hazardous Substance Process Management (IECQ HSPM) Specific Rules to ALL IECQ CBs Common Training Common Reporting Common Certificate On-Line Certificate System 35
IECQ Hazardous Substance Process Management (IECQ HSPM) Concluding Remarks on IECQ HSPM Provides a single international system for the management of Hazardous substances No need for industry to undertake multiple 2nd Party assessments, usually to differing requirements The IECQ HSPM International system goes beyond RoHS in confirming a suppliers claim 36
IECQ Hazardous Substance Process Management (IECQ HSPM) Concluding Remarks on IECQ HSPM Provides a Management System solution that ensures consistency in control at the front end. Carries the well respected and proven credibility of the IEC Certificates can be confirmed via the On- Line system 37
IECQ HSPM Scheme - Steps to achieve Certification Applicant obtains 2 day IECQ HSPM Training IECQ 04-5 Applicant Implements the requirements of IECQ QC 080000 and IECQ 03-5; 5 Application for IECQ HSPM Certification IECQ 03-5; 7.2 Examination Stage 1 Documentation Review IECQ 03-5; 7.4 Assessment - Stage 2 On-site Assessment IECQ 03-5; 7.5 Assessment Report IECQ 03-5; 6 & 7.5 Technical Review are requirements Fulfilled? IECQ 03-5; 7.5 Granting for the IECQ HSPM Certification IECQ03-5; 7.6 Issuing IECQ AC Certificate of Conformity IECQ OD 15 38
IECQ System Lunch Break!!! 39
IECQ Avionics Scheme (Electronic Component Management Plan) Certification that a Suppliers System is Documented and Implemented according to requirements of IEC TS 62239-01 covering processes and practices used by The Equipment Manufacturer Sub Contractors to select and manage components designed into Avionic equipment systems. 40
IECQ Avionics Scheme (Electronic Component Management Plan) IECQ ECMP provides assessment by independent IECQ qualified Certification Bodies that eliminates the need for multiple assessments by different customers of component suppliers, eg Boeing/Airbus and other airframe manufacturers and subcontractor 41
IECQ Avionics Scheme (Electronic Component Management Plan) IEC TS 62239 Standard - Scope This part of the IEC/TS 62239 series defines the requirements for developing an Electronic Components Management Plan (ECMP) to assure customers and regulatory agencies that all of the electronic components in the equipment of the plan owner are selected and applied in controlled processes compatible with the end application and that the technical requirements detailed in Clause 4 are accomplished. In general, the owners of a complete electronic components management plan are avionics equipment manufacturers. This part of the IEC/TS 62239 series provides the minimum requirements for system development assurance levels according to levels A, B and C of the DO-254 A, B and C for flight equipment. Although developed for the avionics industry, this process may be applied by other industrial sectors. 42
IECQ Avionics Scheme (Electronic Component Management Plan) What is the purpose of TS 62239?? Answer: to assure customers and regulatory agencies that all of the electronic components in the equipment of the plan owner are selected and applied in controlled processes compatible with the end application.. 43
IECQ Avionics Scheme (Electronic Component Management Plan) IEC TS 62239 Definitions 3 Terms definitions and abbreviations 3.1 Terms and definitions 3.1.13 Electronic Components Management Plan (ECMP). equipment manufacturer's document that defines the processes and practices for applying components to an equipment or range of equipment and which generally addresses all relevant aspects of controlling components during system design, development, production, and post-production support 44
IECQ Avionics Scheme (Electronic Component Management Plan) IEC TS 62239 Technical requirements a) component selection; b) component application; c) component qualification; d) component quality assurance; e) component dependability; f) component compatibility with the equipment manufacturing process; g) component data; h) configuration control. 45
IEC TS 62239 Technical requirements Component application 4.3.1 General 4.3.2 Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) 4.3.3 Derating and stress analysis 4.3.4 Thermal analysis 4.3.5 Mechanical analysis IECQ Avionics Scheme (Electronic Component Management Plan) 4.3.6 Testing, testability, and maintainability 4.3.7 Avionics radiation environment 4.3.8 Management of lead-free termination finish and soldering 4.3.9 Counterfeit, fraudulent and recycled component avoidance 46
IECQ Avionics Scheme (Electronic Component Management Plan) Benefits of ECMP Certification Provide common requirements for developing an ECMP (Electronic Components Management Plan) document Provide Aviation aerospace suppliers with an effective electronic components management program Ensures customers and government agencies that electronic components used by equipment manufacturers have been selected and qualified using independently certified processes 47
IECQ Avionics Scheme (Electronic Component Management Plan) Benefits of ECMP Certification Provides aerospace industry the ability to utilise Commercial off - the shelf (COTS) components, in a confident manner, resulting in cost savings against military spec components Provide assurance that processes exist for managing non availability of replacement parts and components International On-Line IECQ Certificate for quick checking by industry + Regulators 48
IECQ Avionics Scheme - Steps to achieve Certification Applicant obtains IECQ ECMP Training or Industry Equivalent Applicant Develops Electronic Component Management Plan ECMP Applicant Implements the Administrative and Technical requirements of the ECMP Application for IECQ ECMP Certification IECQ 03-4; 7.2 & 7.3 Assessment - Stage 2 On-site Assessment IECQ 03-4; 7.5 Assessment Report IECQ 03-4; 6.2 & 7.5 Technical Review are requirements Fulfilled? IECQ 03-4; 7.5 Granting for the IECQ HSPM Certification IECQ03-4; 7.6 Issuing IECQ AC Certificate of Conformity IECQ OD 15 49
IECQ Independent Testing Laboratory The IECQ Independent Testing Laboratory Approval is available to independent testing laboratories intending to carry out tests in support of IECQ activities within the IECQ System. The approval covers the type of tests to be carried out, the component ranges to be tested and the facilities available, and exceeds the relevant requirements of ISO/IEC 17025. 50
Introducing 2 New IECQ Programmes 51
IECQ AQP Automotive Qualification Programme Increased Car Safety and Reliability Via increased electronic component dependability IECQ AQP provides the automotive industry with an efficient way to ensure that the components that they are buying meet expected quality, safety and reliability requirements. 52
IECQ AQP Automotive Qualification Programme Automotive industry relies on component makers located throughout the world. Automotive electronic component manufacturers usually use their own equipment to conduct reliability tests. has different tests, different standards, different report formats for reliability testing. 53
IECQ AQP Automotive Qualification Programme This makes it difficult for car manufacturers to reliably compare components from different suppliers. 54
IECQ AQP Automotive Qualification Programme IECQ AQP (Automotive Qualification Programme) gives the automotive industry a standardized way of testing the components to ensure their reliability. This way, automotive manufacturers know how the performance of components compare.. 55
IECQ AQP Automotive Qualification Programme IECQ AQP will help automotive manufacturers avoid multiple tests and related costs. Independent, third-party certification bodies utilize the IECQ AQP Programme to make sure that components meet automotive industry standards. 56
IECQ AQP Automotive Qualification Programme Automotive manufacturing requires considerable investment and manufacturers need to be able to demonstrate that their products will perform as expected. IECQ AQP ensures that sampling, test processes, test results, along with production controls are monitored and verified by an impartial third-party certification bodies world wide. 57
IECQ AQP Automotive Qualification Programme With the Programme automotive manufacturers are able to: Reduce the number of steps needed for international certification; Eliminate duplicate testing; Provide common report formats and real-time validation with live, online Certificates of Conformity; Obtain independent monitoring and verification; Reduce overall certification time (including for the component manufacturer); Accelerate product roll-out schedule; and Achieve easier acceptance by regulators, retailers, buyers and vendors in many countries 58
IECQ AC-AQP Scheme - Steps to achieve Certification Applicant obtains IECQ AQP Training Applicant Determines & Develops Component Specification IECQ AC-AQP Application IECQ03-3-2; 8.2 Stage 1; Document Review IECQ 03-3-2; 8.5 Stage 2a: Production Line Assessment IECQ 03-3-2; 8.6 Stage 2b: Production Sampling for Inspection and Test IECQ 03-3-2; 8.7 IECQ AC-AQP Assessment Report IECQ 03-3-2; 9.3 Granting of IECQ AC_AQP Certification IECQ 03-3-2; 9 IECQ AC-AQP Certification Maintenance, ensuring conformity IECQ 03-3-2; 9.5 59
IECQ AC-AQP Scheme FIRST IECQ Automotive Qualification Programme Certification Issued!!! Congratulations to DQS-UL and their client Transtouch Technology Inc.. 60
IECQ Approved Process CAP Counterfeit Avoidance Programme Electronics are the second most counterfeited industry Industry needs to avoid and detect fraudulent or counterfeit electrical / electronic parts entering the aerospace, avionics, military, telecommunications, biomedical, automotive, railway and high tech consumer electronics supply chain. 61
IECQ Approved Process CAP Counterfeit Avoidance Programme Over the past decade plus there has been a significant and increasing volume of fraudulent or counterfeit electrical / electronic parts entering the aerospace, avionics, military, telecommunications, biomedical, automotive, railway and high tech consumer electronics supply chain, posing significant performance, reliability and safety risks. 62
IECQ Approved Process CAP Counterfeit Avoidance Programme It is a fact that counterfeit electronic components can be dangerous due to the fact that they may use cheap raw material, may have poor assembly, may be used, may lack original manufacturer s die, and/or third party testing and qualification. Counterfeit electronic components include used electronic components removed from discarded electrical devices as part of e-waste products and then cleaned, re-labeled and presented to the market as new. 63
IECQ Approved Process CAP Counterfeit Avoidance Programme This use of electronic components removed from discarded electrical devices takes place in uncontrolled environments. It uses methods that are likely to result in either the destruction or degradation of the electronic components and it leaves little assurance of the electronic components compliance with the specification provided by the original component manufacturer. 64
IECQ Approved Process CAP Counterfeit Avoidance Programme Cost USD 600 billion/year Negatively impact brands/ cause huge liability Social costs of injuries/death from lowquality products Lost jobs Organized crime 65
IECQ Approved Process CAP Counterfeit Avoidance Programme Counterfeit electrical products can generate significant safety hazards and, left undetected, can cause deaths, injuries and substantial property loss. In the aerospace industry, the safety repercussions such as the loss of performance or reliability could have catastrophic consequences. 66
IECQ Approved Process CAP Counterfeit Avoidance Programme As a result, the aerospace, avionics and military industry are collectively addressing this in various forums including its work with international standards committees in developing new standards. 67
IECQ Approved Process CAP Counterfeit Avoidance Programme IEC/TS 62668-1 Counterfeit prevention - Part 1: Avoiding the use of counterfeit, fraudulent and recycled electronic components SAE AS 5553A Counterfeit Electronic Parts; Avoidance, Detection, Mitigation, and Disposition SAE AS 6081 Counterfeit Electronic Parts for Distributors SAE AS 6174 Counterfeit Materiel; Assuring Acquisition of Authentic and Conforming Materiel 68
IECQ Approved Process CAP Counterfeit Avoidance Programme IECQ Approved Process Counterfeit Avoidance Programme (IECQ CAP) 69
IECQ Approved Process CAP Counterfeit Avoidance Programme The IECQ Counterfeit Avoidance Programme (CAP) is a programme that utilizes internationally available standards for which companies are required to provide evidence of compliance that they have a plan in place to avoid, detect, mitigate, and dispose of counterfeit components. Companies that are able to demonstrate compliance may apply for Counterfeit Avoidance Programme Certification under the under the IECQ Approved Process Scheme. Benefits Supply chain management & control assured through independent 3rd assessment; No second party auditing of component suppliers needed; 70
IECQ AP-CAP Scheme - Steps to achieve Certification Applicant obtains IECQ CAP Training or Industry Equivalent Applicant Develops Counterfeit Avoidance Programme Plan CAPP Applicant Implements the Administrative and Technical requirements of the CAPP Application for IECQ CAP Certification IECQ 03-7; 7.2 & 7.3 Examination - Stage 1 Documentation Review IECQ 03-7; 7.6 Assessment - Stage 2 On-site Assessment IECQ 03-7; 7.7 Assessment Report IECQ 03-7; 7.7.1 Technical Review are requirements Fulfilled? IECQ 03-7; 7.8 Granting for the IECQ HSPM Certification IECQ03-7; 7.8 71
On-Line Certificates if not there does not exist 72
www.iecq.org 1. Select here IECQ On-Line Certificates All Certificates located Public access Search features On-Line version is master Instant checking of claims 73
The Future of IECQ Development and growth of the CAP and AQP programmes Development of IECQ CAP Specification for other industries other than ADHP Industries. Expansion of IECQ HSPM to electronic products and also other product areas due to market demand LED certification programme (China demand trigger) Consideration of supply chains beyond electronics Membership growth Co-ordinated PR with IECEx, IECEE and future IEC Systems, in particular joint global seminars. 74
INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION Thank you.