Utilities Infrastructure Session 301C EU Utility Master Planning (cont.) Heating & Cooling Systems Basics APPA Institute for Facilities Management Bill Nelson PE 1 Purpose of Today s Presentation To provide a broad understanding of central heating and cooling systems (This is a core course - you may see some duplication in other classes) To share information about current technologies related to central plants To provide some useful handout material with sizing guides DOE Energy Projections to 20 2 Agenda Introduction Community energy Advantages of a central energy system Efficiencies Pollution reduction The Fundamentals Water Psychometrics 3
Agenda (cont.) Chilled Water System Air Handlers & Coils Chillers Cooling towers Steam and Hot Water Systems Boilers Piping Traps & Expansion Joints Energy Prices US Building Stock 4 Words of Wisdom Duct tape is like the force; it has a light side and a dark side, and it holds the universe together 5 Agenda Introduction Community energy Advantages of a central energy system Efficiencies Pollution reduction The Fundamentals Water Psychometrics 6
Community Energy Labs Library Classrooms Central Energy System Hospital Dormitories 7 Heating and Cooling Systems Advantages Integrated solutions Less equipment Lower service cost Better space utilization Alternate technological option 8 Central Energy System Advantages (cont) Aesthetic options Lower operating cost Better management and energy control Higher overall efficiency Multiple fuel capabilities 9
Pollution Reduction Power production shifted from mostly coal-fired utility plants to natural gas plant Reduction by avoiding utility transmission losses Reduction by using cogeneration for heating 10 Central Energy System Topics Chilled water systems components configurations Steam and hot water systems components fuels Combined heat and power 11 Agenda Introduction Community energy Advantages of a central energy system Efficiencies Pollution reduction The Fundamentals Water Psychometrics 12
Fundamentals: Water--Ideal Heat Transfer Fluid 75ºF 76ºF Specific Heat 32ºF 1 BTU/lb 212ºF Heat of Fusion 144 BTU/lb Heat of Vaporization 970 BTU/lb 13 Psychrometric Formulas Standard Air At Sea Level 70 o F Dry Bulb 50% Relative Humidity 59 o F Wet Bulb 50 o F Dew Point 52 gr moisture/ LB 25.4 h BTU/LB Specific Volume 13.5 ft 3 /LB ONE CUBIC FOOT Sea Level Elevation (feet) 0 2000 00 6000 7500 10000 Barometric Pressure (inhg) 29.92 28.86 25.84 23.98 22.75 20.6 Specific Heat 0.244 BTU/LB o F 14 Psychrometrics: Definitions One Cubic Foot 15
Applied Psychrometrics: Properties of Moist Air Dry-Bulb Temperature, DB Temperature of air as registered by an ordinary thermometer Dewpoint or Saturation Temp. F Dry-Bulb temp. F 25 30 35 45 50 55 65 60 75 70 80 Grains of Moisture Per Pound of Dry Air 85 90 95 100 105 25 30 35 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 DB85 90 95 100 105 180 170 160 150 1 130 120 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 30 20 10 0 16 Applied Psychrometrics: Properties of Moist Air Wet-Bulb Temperature, WB Temperature registered by a thermometer whose bulb is covered by a wetted wick and exposed to a current of rapidly moving air Dewpoint or Saturation Temp. F Dry-Bulb temp. F 25 30 35 45 50 55 WB 60 75 70 80 Grains of Moisture Per Pound of Dry Air 85 90 95 100 105 25 30 35 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 180 170 160 150 1 130 120 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 30 20 10 0 17 Applied Psychrometrics: Properties of Moist Air Dew point Temperature, DP Temp. at which condensation of moisture begins when air is cooled Dewpoint or Saturation Temp. F Dry-Bulb temp. F 25 30 35 45 65 60 55 DP 50 75 70 80 Grains of Moisture Per Pound of Dry Air 85 90 95 100 105 25 30 35 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 180 170 160 150 1 130 120 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 30 20 10 0 18
Applied Psychrometrics: Properties of Moist Air Relative Humidity, %RH Ratio of actual water vapor pressure in air to the pressure of saturated water vapor in air at the same temperature Dewpoint or Saturation Temp. F 7 Dry-Bulb temp. F 9 12 48 44 80 38 34 75 30 70 26 65 22 60 18 55 16 50 13 45 25 30 35 Grains of Moisture Per Pound of Dry Air 85 90 95100105 180 %RH 25 30 35 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100105 170 160 150 1 130 120 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 30 20 10 0 19 Applied Psychrometrics: Properties of Moist Air Enthalpy (h) Total heat, BTU per pound of dry air Thermal property indicating the quantity of heat in the air above an arbitrary datum The datum for dry air is 0 F and, for the moisture content, 32 F water Dewpoint or Saturation Temp. F 7 Dry-Bulb temp. F 9 12 13 25 30 16 18 35 22 45 26 50 30 55 34 38 60 65 70 80 85 90 95 100105 25 30 35 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 44 75 48 Grains of Moisture Per Pound of Dry Air 180 170 160 150 1 130 120 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 30 20 10 0 20 Applied Psychrometrics: Properties of Moist Air Specific Volume, (V) Cubic feet of the mixture per pound of dry air Grains of Moisture Per Pound of Dry Air 85 90 48 95100105 180 44 170 80 160 38 150 34 75 1 130 30 70 120 110 26 65 100 22 60 90 18 55 80 12 16 50 70 60 Dewpoint or 9 13 45 50 Saturation 7 25 30 35 90% Temp. F 70% 80% 50% 30 60% 30% 20 Dry-Bulb % 20% 10% Cu ft 10 temp. F 25 30 0 35 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100105 21
7 9 12 Psychrometrics: Processes Air conditioning processes may be shown graphically on the chart. 25 13 30 16 35 18 22 45 26 50 30 34 Evaporative cooling 65 Sensible 60 cooling 55 38 70 80 85 90 95 100 105 25 30 35 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 44 75 48 Humidifying Dehumidifying Sensible heating Chemical Dehydration 180 170 160 150 1 130 120 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 30 20 10 220 Agenda (cont.) Chilled Water System Air Handlers & Coils Chillers Cooling towers Pumps and piping Steam and Hot Water Systems Boilers Piping Traps & Expansion Joints Combined heat and power (CHP) 23 Chilled Water System Components Air Handlers/Coils Chillers Cooling Towers / Condensers Pumps / Piping IT IS ALL ABOUT MOVING BTU S 24
Chilled Water System Cooling Tower Air Handler Chillers Pumps & Piping 25 Air Handling: All Air Systems 26 Chilled Water System Components: Coils 27
Chillers 4 Types Chilled Water System Components Centrifugal Screw Absorption Reciprocating 28 Chilled Water System Components: Chillers Centrifugal Chillers 29 Centrifugal Chillers 30
Chilled Water System Components: Chillers Screw Chillers 31 Single Stage Absorption Chillers Chilled Water System Components: Chillers 32 Single Stage Steam-Fired Absorption Unit 33
Two Stage Steam-Fired Absorption Unit 34 Chilled Water System Components Cooling Towers Forced Draft Induced Draft Condensers Water Cooled Air Cooled 35 Entering Air Dewpoint or 7 Saturation Temp. F Dry-Bulb temp. F 9 12 80% Sample Calculations Cooling Tower 25 60% % 20% Leaving Air 100 o F DB 82 o FDB 70 o F WB 81 o FWB 22 %RH 95 %RH 54 o F DP 80 o FDP 64 gr/lb 160 gr/lb 34.2 BTU/LB 44.9 BTU/LB 13 30 16 35 18 22 45 90% 70% 26 50% 30% 50 30 10% 55 34 60 38 65 70 80 85 90 95 100 105 25 30 35 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 44 75 48 Grains of Moisture Per Pound of Dry Air 180 170 160 150 1 130 120 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 30 20 10 0 36
Sample Calculations Cooling Tower 200 Ton Tower Cool 600 gpm from 90 o F to 80 o F with a 70 o F wb ambient. BTUH w = 600 gpm x 8.33 LB/gal x 60 min/hr x (90-80)DT = 3,000,000 BTUH 37 Chilled Water System Components Cooling Towers Forced Draft Induced Draft 38 Chilled Water System Components Pumps/ Piping Primary/Secondary Direct Primary Parallel Pumping Series Pumping Variable Speed Pumping Reverse Return Piping System 39
CHILLED WATER PIPING CAPACITY TONS (1000 ft 2 ) Capacity Area GPM s were selected to maintain water velocities (V) below 10 fps, and pressure drop (f) below 1 /100 for large size pipes. The GPM values for smaller size pipes were selected to maintain water velocities below 7 fps, and pressure drop below 4 /100. The velocities and friction drop values are according to Cameron. (C=100). 1000 s of gross sq. ft. of building are figured at 300 GSF/ton, I.e. (10,500) indicates that approximately 10,500,000 GSF can be air-conditioned with 35,000 tons. For heavy research areas use 220 GSF/ton. HP values to pump the water through 1000 return calculated using: HP = GPM x TDH TDH = 2000 x f 39 x 7.5 100 This chart is intended to be used for obtaining an initial estimate of required pipe size and cost. Actual system design must be based on values obtained specifically for the project. Total installed cost per linear ft. of buried supply & return (2 pipes) piping. Price includes trenching, insulation, fittings, backfill & moderate amounts of surfacing repairs. For total project cost add A-E fees, testing, escalations, contingencies, etc. Agenda (cont.) Chilled Water System Air Handlers & Coils Chillers Cooling towers Pumps and piping Steam and Hot Water Systems Boilers Piping Traps and Expansion Joints Combined heat and power (CHP) 41 HVAC System: Steam and Condensate General Arrangement Building Boiler Deaerator Condensate Tank Boiler Feed Pumps Condensate Pumps 42
43 Steam Boilers Fire Tube Boiler vs. Water Tube Boiler Fire Tube Water circulates around the tubes Lower cost Higher water volume Easier to maintain water level Water Tube Water circulates through the tubes Larger capacities and pressures available Faster start up Quicker response 44 Steam Boilers Geometry: D-Type Burner is offset to one side with a single row of tubes on the outside and the convection section on the other side Flue gas travels down the furnace, turns at the back wall, and then travels back through the convection section The stack connection is on the side of the boiler 45
Steam Piping Design Distribution System Types Walking Tunnel Shallow Tunnel Direct Buried Material Types Carbon Steel (ANSI B 16.9 A106) Other 46 Piping Design Insulation Types Factory applied (Perma Pipe) Field applied Pitch Velocity/pressure limits Condensate Returns/Trapping Effect of Leaks Expansion devices Supports/guides/anchors Hookups/Accessories 47 Condensate Return-Traps Typical Application Types Thermostatic Liquid expansion Balanced pressure Bimetallic 48
Condensate Return-Traps Types (cont d) Mechanical Bucket Float Thermodynamic Impulse Disc 49 Typical Application 50 Mechanical-Float & Thermostatic 51
Expansion-Basic Restraint 52 Expansion-Sliding Joint 53 Expansion-Bellows 54
Hookup-Main Drips Bad Good 55 Hookup-Takeoff 56 Waterhammer-Steam Induced 57
Tunnel Flooding-Condensate Generation 58 STEAM SYSTEM PIPING CAPACITY 1000 lb/hr (1000 ft 2 ) [HP] Steam Quantity Area Feedwater Pump HP Building SQFT values are based on 60 Btuh/sqft peak average combined load (building heat and domestic hot water). For winter lows below +25 F: at 0 F multiply building SQFT by 0.8, at -20 F multiply building SQFT by 0.6. Steam lines are sized to approximately 10,000 ft/min. Condensate lines are sized to approximately yield pressure drops less than 2 /100. Prices shown are construction cost for a direct buried dual conduit piping system. This chart is intended to be used for obtaining an initial estimate of required pipe size and cost. Actual system design must be based on values obtained specifically for the project. Total installed cost per linear ft. of buried supply & return (2 pipes) piping. Price includes trenching, insulation, fittings, backfill & moderate amounts of surfacing repairs. For total project cost add A-E fees, testing, escalations, contingencies, etc. 59 A Barrel of Oil (42 Gallons) $45.00 60
Fuel Prices (est.) Natural Gas @ 80% Efficiency $7.00 / million Btu Coal @ 75% Efficiency $2.60/million Btu Electric @ 96% Efficiency $28.00/million Btu Liquids @ 80% Efficiency Grade $/million Btu Gasoline 28.00 Diesel 26.00 Jet Fuel 24.00 Firewood @ 50% Efficiency $8.00/million Btu Corn @ 75% Efficiency $19.00/million Btu 61 ANNUAL ENERGY OUTLOOK Reference Case APRIL 2015 WDC U.S. Energy Information Administration Independent Statistics & Analysis www.eia.gov Key results from AEO2015 In most AEO2015 cases, U.S. net energy imports, including all fuels, decline and ultimately end by 2030 for the first time since the 1950s Strong growth in domestic production of crude oil from tight formations through 2020 and limited growth in domestic demand after 2020 leads to a decline in net petroleum and other liquids imports The United States transitions from being a net importer of natural gas to a net exporter by 2017 in all cases U.S. energy consumption grows at a modest rate over the projection with reductions in energy intensity resulting from improved technologies and trends driven by existing laws and regulations Renewables provide an increased share of electricity generation, reflecting rising long term natural gas prices and the high capital costs of new coal and nuclear generation capacity 63
Key results from AEO2015 (continued) Improved efficiency of energy consumption in end use sectors and a shift away from more carbon intensive fuels help to stabilize U.S. energy related carbon dioxide emissions, which remain below the 2005 level through 20 Growth of domestic crude oil and natural gas production varies significantly across regions and cases, leading to shifts in crude oil and natural gas flows between regions, requiring infrastructure adjustments The AEO2015 cases generally reflect current policies, including final regulations and the sunset of tax credits under current law; consistent with this approach, EPA s proposed Clean Power Plan rules for existing fossil fired electric generating units or the effects of relaxing current limits on crude oil exports are not considered in AEO2015 64 OVERVIEW OF U.S. ENERGY SUPPLY AND DEMAND Crude oil price projection is lower in the AEO2015 Reference case than in AEO2014, particularly in the near term Brent crude oil spot price 2013 dollars per barrel History 2013 Projections AEO2014 AEO2015 Source: EIA, Annual Energy Outlook 2015 Reference case and Annual Energy Outlook 2014 Reference case 66
Reductions in energy intensity largely offset impact of GDP growth, leading to slow projected growth in energy use U.S. primary energy consumption quadrillion Btu History Renewables (excluding liquid biofuels) 2013 Projections 2025 20 Natural gas 27% 8% 27% 9% 29% 10% Coal Nuclear Liquid biofuels 18% 8% 1% 19% 8% 1% 18% 8% 1% Petroleum and other liquids 36% 35% 33% Source: EIA, Annual Energy Outlook 2015 Reference case 67 U.S. net energy imports continue to decline in the near term, reflecting increased oil and natural gas production coupled with slow demand growth U.S. net energy imports quadrillion Btu History 2013 Projections Low Oil Price Reference High Oil Price High Oil and Gas Resource Source: EIA, Annual Energy Outlook 2015 68 CO 2 emissions are sensitive to the influence of future economic growth and energy price trends on energy consumption energy related carbon dioxide emissions million metric tons History 2013 Projections High Economic Growth High Oil and Gas Resource Reference Low Economic Growth Source: EIA, Annual Energy Outlook 2015 69
CO 2 emissions per dollar of GDP decline faster than energy use per dollar of GDP with a shift towards lower carbon fuels energy and emission intensity index, 2005=1 History 2005 2013 Projections Energy use per capita Energy use per 2009 dollar of GDP Carbon dioxide emissions per 2009 dollar GDP Source: EIA, Annual Energy Outlook 2015 Reference case 70 PETROLEUM AND OTHER LIQUID SUPPLY AEO2015 explores scenarios that encompass a wide range of future crude oil price paths Brent crude oil spot price 2013 dollars per barrel History 2013 Projections High Oil Price Reference High Oil and Gas Resource Low Oil Price Source: EIA, Annual Energy Outlook 2015 72
U.S. crude oil production rises above previous historical highs before 2020 in all AEO2015 cases, with a range of longer term outcomes U.S. crude oil production million barrels per day History 2013 2013 2013 Reference High Oil and Gas Resource Low Oil Price U.S. maximum production level of 9.6 million barrels per day in 1970 Tight oil Lower 48 offshore Alaska Other lower 48 onshore Source: EIA, Annual Energy Outlook 2015 73 Growth of onshore crude oil production varies across supply regions, affecting pipeline and midstream infrastructure needs change between 2013 and 20 in U.S. lower 48 onshore crude oil production by region million barrels per day Dakotas/Rocky Mountains 11.0 8.5 West Coast East Southwest Gulf Coast 11.2 9.1 4.2 Midcontinent 4.1 Source: EIA, Annual Energy Outlook 2015 74 Combination of increased tight oil production and higher fuel efficiency drive projected decline in oil imports U.S. liquid fuels supply million barrels per day History 2013 2020 Projections 20 Net petroleum and other liquids imports 33% 14% 21% Natural gas plant liquids 17% 21% 14% 17% 29% Tight oil production 22% Other crude oil production (excluding tight) 23% 25% 27% Other 14% 12% 12% Note: Other includes refinery gain, biofuels production, all stock withdrawals, and other domestic sources of liquid fuels Source: EIA, Annual Energy Outlook 2015 Reference case 75
net crude oil and petroleum product imports as a percentage of total U.S. supply percent 2013 History Projections Low Oil Price Reference High Oil Price High Oil and Gas Resource Source: EIA, Annual Energy Outlook 2015 76 In the transportation sector, motor gasoline use declines; diesel fuel, jet fuel, and natural gas use all grow transportation energy consumption by fuel quadrillion Btu History 2013 Projections 2030 20 24% Diesel 31% 31% Other* 10% 3% 4% Jet fuel Ethanol 1% 13% 4% CNG/LNG 14% 2% 5% 3% 3% 58% Motor gasoline 48% 44% Source: EIA, Annual Energy Outlook 2015 Reference case *Includes aviation gasoline, propane, residual fuel oil, lubricants, electricity, and liquid hydrogen 77 U.S. net exports of petroleum products vary with the level of domestic oil production given current limits on U.S. crude oil exports U.S. petroleum product imports and exports million barrels per day High Oil and Gas History Reference Low Oil Price 2013 2013 Resource 2013 Total petroleum product net exports Total petroleum product Other petroleum High Oil and Gas Resource net exports product exports Reference Low Oil Price Motor gasoline exports Distillate exports Other petroleum product imports Distillate imports Motor gasoline imports Source: EIA, Annual Energy Outlook 2015 78
NATURAL GAS Future domestic natural gas prices depend on both domestic resource availability and world energy prices average Henry Hub spot prices for natural gas 2013 dollars per million Btu History 2013 Projections High Oil Price Reference Low Oil Price High Oil and Gas Resource Source: EIA, Annual Energy Outlook 2015 80 Shale resources remain the dominant source of U.S. natural gas production growth U.S. dry natural gas production trillion cubic feet History 2013 Projections billion cubic feet per day Shale gas and tight oil plays Other lower 48 onshore Lower 48 offshore Tight gas Coalbed methane Alaska Source: EIA, Annual Energy Outlook 2015 Reference case 81
Natural gas consumption growth is driven by increased use in all sectors except residential U.S. dry gas consumption trillion cubic feet History Projections billion cubic feet per day Residential Commercial Transportation** Electric power Industrial* 10.9 8.9 8.2 9.4 0.9 3.3 1.6 3.6 4.9 4.2 Source: EIA, Annual Energy Outlook 2015 Reference case *Includes combined heat-and-power and lease and plant fuel **Includes pipeline fuel 82 Growth in manufacturing output and use of natural gas reflect high natural gas supply and low prices, particularly in near term manufacturing natural gas consumption quadrillion Btu billion cubic feet per day Food Bulk chemicals Refining and related Other manufacturing Metal based durables Iron and steel Paper Aluminum Glass Source: EIA, Annual Energy Outlook 2015 Reference case 83 Projected U.S. natural gas exports reflect the spread between domestic natural gas prices and world energy prices U.S. natural gas imports and exports trillion cubic feet History 2013 Alaska LNG exports billion cubic feet per day 2013 Projections 2013 Lower 48 states LNG exports Pipeline exports to Mexico 30 20 10 0 LNG imports Pipeline exports to Canada Reference Pipeline imports from Canada High Oil and Gas Resource Low Oil Price -10-20 Source: EIA, Annual Energy Outlook 2015 84
ELECTRICITY Growth in electricity use slows, but electricity use still increases by 24% from 2013 to 20 U.S. electricity use and GDP percent growth (rolling average of 3 year periods) Electricity use Period Average Growth Electricity use GDP 1950s 9.8 4.2 1960s 7.3 4.5 History 2013 1970s 4.7 3.2 1980s 2.9 3.1 1990s 2.4 3.2 2000-2013 0.7 1.9 2013-20 0.8 2.4 Projections Gross domestic product Source: EIA, Annual Energy Outlook 2015 Reference case 86 Over time the electricity mix gradually shifts to lower carbon options, led by growth in renewables and gas fired generation electricity net generation trillion kilowatthours 1993 History 2013 Projections 2025 20 27% 27% Natural gas 31% 13% 11% 13% 16% Renewables 18% 53% 39% 38% Coal 34% 19% Petroleum and other liquids 19% 1% 18% 1% Nuclear 16% 1% 4% Source: EIA, Annual Energy Outlook 2015 Reference case 87
Non hydro renewable generation grows to double hydropower generation by 20 renewable electricity generation by fuel type billion kilowatthours History 2013 Projections Conventional Hydroelectric Power Wind Solar Geothermal Biomass Municipal waste/landfill gas Source: EIA, Annual Energy Outlook 2015 Reference case 88 Growth in wind and solar generation meets a significant portion of projected total electric load growth in all AEO2015 cases U.S. renewable generation in all sectors by fuel billion kilowatthours 20 Wind Solar Biomass and waste Geothermal Conventional hydroelectric power Source: EIA, Annual Energy Outlook 2015 89 For more information U.S. Energy Information Administration home page www.eia.gov Annual Energy Outlook www.eia.gov/forecasts/aeo Short Term Energy Outlook www.eia.gov/forecasts/steo International Energy Outlook www.eia.gov/forecasts/ieo Today In Energy www.eia.gov/todayinenergy Monthly Energy Review www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/monthly State Energy Portal www.eia.gov/state Drilling Productivity Report www.eia.gov/petroleum/drilling 90
U.S. Energy Flow Trends QUADRILLION BTUs (10 15 ) Source: GLHN Architects & Engineers, Inc. Fossil Fuels & Climate Change 92 The U.S. Built Environment Currently the US Building stock is approx. 200 billion sf. 93
The U.S. Built Environment Over the next 30 years 52 billion sf will be demolished 94 The U.S. Built Environment 150 billion sf will be Remodeled 95 The U.S. Built Environment 150 billion sf will be New construction 96
The U.S. Built Environment Therefore, by the year 20, three-quarters of the building stock will be new or renovated 97 Can We Do It- Done it before 98 A SMART Goal Over the next 5-7 years the University of Arizona will add 1 million square feet to their built environment; the consumption of fossil fuels will remain at 2007 levels. 99
Questions? wnelson@glhn.com 100