Barry Mielke, PE South Dakota State University Energy Fuel Types Fuel consumption What fuels are we using? What are we using it for? APPA 2017 Fuels 1
As defined by your science teacher, Energy is the ability to do work Categories of Energy Potential-Stored energy Kinetic-Energy in motion Chemical-stored in bonds of atoms, like in fuel Mechanical-stored in spring Nuclear-stored in the nucleus of an atom Gravitational-stored in an objects height. Hydroelectric Dams Radiant Energy- light, X-ray, sunshine Thermal Energy-Heat Motion Energy- Wind Sound Electrical Energy-electrons moving though a wire APPA 2017 Fuels 2
Potential Energy, Chemical Energy in its fuel Burning that fuel in a boiler changes that energy to Kinetic energy. Thermal energy to heat water of air for space heating. Motion Energy if we turn a turbine Which in turn creates electrical energy. You may have radiant energy in the form of solar panels or motion energy with a wind turbine. Fossil fuels are mainly compounds of carbon and hydrogen Air is mainly composed of oxygen and nitrogen Ideal combustion is shown as [C + H (fuel)] + [O 2 + N 2 (Air)] -> (Combustion Process) -> [CO 2 + H 2 O + N 2 (Heat)] APPA 2017 Fuels 3
It is the amount of work needed to raise the temperature of one pound of water by one degree Fahrenheit A gallon of water weighs 8.34 pounds. One Btu is approximately equal to the energy released by burning a match Propane Natural Gas Gasoline Oils Other Fuels (dry) 1 gallon = 91,500 BTU 1 cubic foot = 2,500 BTU 1 pound = 21,500 BTU 4.24 lbs = 1 gallon 1 cubic foot = 1,050 BTU 1 Therm= 100,000 1 pound = 19,000 BTU 1 gallon = 125,000 BTU 1 gallon = 6.1 lbs 1 gallon kerosene = 135,000 BTU 1 gallon #2 oil = 138,500 BTU 1 gallon diesel = 139,200 BTU 1 gallon #6 oil = 153,200 BTU 1 lb coal (anthracite) = 12,700 BTU 1 lb coal (subituminous) = 8,800 BTU 1 lb coal (bituminous) = 11,500 BTU Cord of Wood=20,000,000 BTU 1 kwh electricity = 3,413 BTU 1 therm any fuel = 100,000 BTU Furnace in a 3000 sq foot home in South Dakota 80,000 Btu/hr Hair dryer 15kw or 1500 watts or 5118 Btu/hr Electric space heater 1500 watts 5118 btu/hr 40 gallon residential water heater 30,000 btu/hr Seated adult male gives off 390 btu/hr, female 330 btu/hr APPA 2017 Fuels 4
Hydrocarbon Fuels Gaseous Liquid Solid Coal Biomass Wind Solar Nuclear Contains mostly methane a gas with on carbon atom and four hydrogen atoms. Odorless, colorless and tasteless. APPA 2017 Fuels 5
Typically pulled from wells. Fracking- the process of injecting liquid at high pressure into subterranean rocks, boreholes, etc., so as to force open existing fissures and extract oil or gas Methane is a biogas that can be produced in landfills. APPA 2017 Fuels 6
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Distance from areas producing natural gas Availability and capacity of transmission pipelines delivering natural gas Storage available near the end user Volumes and characteristics (such as timing and volatility) of customer demand (weather) Costs of distribution, taxes, and other charges State regulations Availability of competing suppliers Results in fewer emissions of nearly all types of air pollutants and carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) per unit of heat produced than coal or refined petroleum products. 117 pounds of carbon dioxide are produced per million Btu s of natural gas 200 pounds of CO 2 per million Btu of coal 160 pounds per million Btu of distillate fuel oil APPA 2017 Fuels 8
Local Distributing Company (LDC) Municipal Investor Owned Privately owned Cooperative Direct Purchase Distributed through LDC Rates based on the LDC s costs Rates typically fixed for a year Rates usually set or approved by the state public utility commission Usually require and minimum annual consumption to receive interruptible service Large users can save up to 25% either firm or interruptible Establish a transportation agreement with LDC Contracts typically specify annual max Weekly daily or monthly used. Pressure required at point of use APPA 2017 Fuels 9
Another option is to use a gas broker to manage gas procurement. You can chose to have them provide gas to entire campus or just the heating plant and purchase the smaller users from the LDC. LDC Transportation Agreement LDC Charges Monthly Fee Pipe Use Charge Bulk Energy Purchasing Demand Management Peak Shaving Thermal Storage Cogeneration / Combined Heat & Power Customer Incentives Renewables? APPA 2017 Fuels 10
Heating oil is refined from crude oil. The United States has two sources of heating oil Domestic oil refineries Imports from foreign countries Boilers, back up fuel to natural gas Emergency Generators APPA 2017 Fuels 11
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Crude oil price Storage space Delivery costs APPA 2017 Fuels 13
Anthracite- generally the highest heating value used in metals industry Less than1% of coal mined (2014) Found in northeastern Pennsylvania Bituminous-Most abundant type of coal in US 48% of coal mined West Virginia, Kentucky, Pennsylvania, Illinois, Indiana Subbituminous- lower heating value 44% of coal mined Wyoming Lignite-lowest energy content 8% of coal mined Texas and North Dakota Electric Power- 33% of the electricity generated in the US Industries and businesses have their own plants generate some typically in a combine heat and power plant. Some is being converted to synthetic natural gas APPA 2017 Fuels 14
Transportation-train, barge, truck Fuel prices affect transport cost Sulfur content, low sulfur more expensive When burned forms sulfur dioxide (acid rain) Surface mined coal is cheaper than underground mined coal. With coal and other solid fuels you have the left over ash to dispose of after burning fuel. Garbage Wood Crop Landfill Gas Alcohol Fuel APPA 2017 Fuels 15
Biomass is organic material that comes from plants and animals, and it is a renewable source of energy. Biomass contains stored energy from the sun. Plants absorb the sun's energy in a process called photosynthesis. When biomass is burned, the chemical energy in biomass is released as heat. Wind Turbines APPA 2017 Fuels 16
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Boilers to create steam or hot water For space heating Autoclaves, sterilization Domestic hot water Cooking Other Processes Generate electricity (Cogeneration) Absorption Chillers Back up electrical genertors Natural Gas Fuel Oil U.S. Energy Information Administration http://www.eia.gov/ National Renewable Energy Laboratory http://www.nrel.gov/ APPA 2017 Fuels 19
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