Hydrocarbon processing Introduction Energy sources Dr. Ákos Fürcht 2017 BME
Introduction: Energy Demand usage
The energy consumption is unbalanced on the world Source: US DOE, Night view of Earth
OECD member countries Significant outsiders: African, South-American and Arab countries, China, India, Russia Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development 8
The energy indrustry changes continously The used energy types are changing 1 Banning conventional cars (Norway/Holland 2025, France/Great Britain 2040) Volvo to produce only electric/hibrid cars 2019 onward, PSA to meet 80% electric cars by 2023 The balance of demand is changing New sources do appear on the scene, e.g. shale gas tight oil, shale oil ultra-deepwater oil new forms of renewable energy (solar energy Chile 2 ) Countries do expand and contract (India vs. Venezuela) Energy production and consumption are affected by disruptions, like outrageous events (Niger delta riot, ISIS) or extreme weather (forest fire: Canada, Alberta 2016/05 3, 1,1mbpd, Hurricane Harvey 2017/08) New policies are created to address climate change or bolster energy security Source: BP Energy Outlook 2035 4
Key drivers behind growing demand for energy Source: BP Energy Outlook 2035
Energy consumption by Regions Final sector Source toe = Tonne of Oil Equivalent Source: BP Energy Outlook 2035
Primary energy consumption Shares of primary energy Primary energy to power Source: BP Energy Outlook 2035
Introduction: Sources of energy
Possible energy sources underground
Other energy sources
Introduction: Energy Natural gas supply security in the IEA member countries
International Energy Agency IEA: International Energy Agency 9 Independent organisation, founded in 1974 Membership conditions: to be net crude oil importer reserves of crude oil and/or product equivalent to 90 days of the prior year s average net oil imports to be available the government (even if it does not own those stocks directly) must have immediate access to the strategic reserves legislation and measures in place to ensure that all oil companies operating under the country s jurisdiction report information as is necessary Made up of 29 member countries (see later) Operating focus areas: Energy Security: Promoting diversity, efficiency, flexibility and reliability Economic Development: Supporting free markets Environmental Awareness: Analysing policy options to offset the impact of energy production and use on the environment Engagement Worldwide: Working closely with partner countries
Natural gas import dependence Source: IEA Gas Emergency Policy 2011 10
Importance of natural gas in the energy mix Source: IEA Gas Emergency Policy 2011 10 TPES = Total primary energy supply
Natural gas storage capacities Source: IEA Gas Emergency Policy 2011 10
Import diversity of NG supplies Source: IEA Gas Emergency Policy 2011 10
Natural gas
Attributes of natural gas 5,6 Pure form: colourless, odourless The cleanest fossil fuel lowest specific CO 2 emission (half of the coal s emission) In liquid state the volume is 1/600 compared to gas phase LNG Liquefied Natural Gas Usage: Heating (heat/electricity production) Feedstock to hydrogen production (eg. Crude oil refining) Petrochemical feedstock (synthesis gas) Fertilizer feedstock (via ammonia synthesis)
Formation and accumulation The natural gas is the decomposition product of plants, animals, microorganisms lived millions of years ago Termogen process: down in the earth under high pressure and temperature conditions the organic material was transformed during the times During the times inorganic material sedimented over the organic layer, which pushed it deeper and deeper (higher pressure and temperature) and destroyed its original chemical structure More oil is formed in shallower areas (bigger molecules) More gas in deeper areas (more severe conditions) As a consequence, oil occurs predominantly mixed with gas Biogen process: methane forming microorganismuses do destroy the organic material (surface-close formation) The formed gas (oil) is moving towards the surface (migration), until a sealing geological formation hinders the movement (capturing); the collected material forms a reservoir
Source: EIA Hydrocarbon occurence types
Proved NG reserves Source: EIA International Energy Outlook 2016 7 és BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2017
Value chain pieces Exploration production Processing separation Logistics Pipeline transport LNG transport Storage facilities Undergrounds LNG containers Trading LNG regasification Local distribution networks Usage domestic industrial
Source: IHS Chemical NG industrial usage
Major trade movements 2016 Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2017
NG composition Hydrocarbons (typically the main component) Methane (mp: -182,5 C, bp: -161,5 C) Ethane (mp: -182,8 C, bp: -89 C) Propane (mp: -187,6 C, bp: -42 C) i/n-butane (mp: -160/-138 C, bp: -12/0 C) Heavier hydrocarbons Non condensing gases: He (bp: -269 C) N 2 (bp: -196 C) CO 2 (mp: -78,5 C, bp: 57 C) could be the main component, eg. Répcelak Water vapour (mp: 0 C, bp: 100 C) Sulphur compounds H 2 S (mp: -82 C, bp: -60 C) COS (mp: -139 C, bp: -50 C) CH 3 SH (mp: -123 C, bp: 6 C) Mercury compounds
Processing of raw natural gas Main pretreatment steps: Mercury removal (typically in the desulphurisation unit in separate adsorber or as the upper catalyst layer) Desulphurisation Carbon-dioxid removal (must be below 50 ppm, to avoid formation of dry-ice) Drying
Mercury removal It is present in the NG most of the time in very low concentrations Problem: the mercury corrode the aluminium heat exchangers (which are typically used during liquefaction) Adsorbent: special active carbon, impregnated with sulphur Usual specification for the treated gas: 10 ng/nm 3 Urban air: ~ 7ng/Nm 3 (traceability limit: 2 ng/nm3) Natural gas: 0-120 μm/nm 3 Hg Adsorber operating conditions: temperature: 30 C, residence time: ~10-20mp Phase: gas phase More info on mercury 12
Separation of raw NG Objective: Probuction/separation of valuable heavier components To meet NG quality specification Refrigeration/cryogenic process Most economic, operates with multicomponent cooling media Depending on size and design, the specific energy consumptio may be <250 kwh/t Main separated products Pure natural gas LPG Liquified Petroleum Gases Condensate (NGL Natural Gas Liquids) CO 2 He
LNG facility flowsheet
3. step LNG facility heat exchanger system 2. step 1. step
Steps of refrigeration 1. step: precooling The heavier components are condensing Separated in the fractionator 2. step: NG liquefaction The methane is condensing Separated in the fractionator from the noncondensing gases (N 2, He) 3. step: LNG supercooling To set the final storage, transport temperature by further cooling (below boiling point)
Heat exchanger solutions Plate-fin heat exchanger (<0,5 mtpa) Source: Linde 11
Heat exchanger solutions Coil-wound heat exchanger (0,2-1,0 mtpa) Source: Linde 11
World s first floating LNG facility Size: 365x60x33 m Capacity: 1,2 mtpa LNG Owner: Petronas Designer: Technip Constructor: DSME (Daewoo) First production: 2016 Q4 Source: https://www.petronasofficial.com/floating-lng/index
during condtruction Order: 2012 (LNG price: ~15 $/MMBtu) Actual LNG price: ~8 $/MMBtu (2017/09) Similar projects were halted
Introduction: Crude oil
Definition Crude oil or petroleum, is a mineral of organic origin: anaerob decomposition (without oxygen) material derived from prehistoric algae and zooplankton remains Its main components are the liquid phase hydrocarbons, but it may contain dissolved gases and/or solid hydrocarbon as well The crude oil is a complex hydrocarbon mixture but also consists sulphur, nitrogen or oxygen containing compounds. There are metallic components (Ni, V, ) in complex form and some dissolved water present too.
Composition: types of hydrocarbons
Composition: types of impurities Sulphur containing compounds Elemental sulphur Hydrogen sulphide Mercapthanes Sulphides-disulphides Tiophenes and derivatives Nitrogen containing compounds Amines Nitriles Pirrols Oxygen containing compounds Organic acids Phenols Organic metal complexes Mainly Ni, V
Benchmark crude oils worldwide Benchmark crude oil is crude oil that serves as a pricing reference, making it easier for sellers and buyers to determine the prices of multitudes of crude oil varieties and blends. Source: Intercontinental Exchange (www.theice.com/publicdocs/ice_crude_refined_oil_products.pdf)
General classification of crude oil
sweet light Crude oil quality sour heavy Source: ENI World Oil and Gas Review 2015
API gravity
Classification of crude oil: UOP K
Crude oil assay
Proven crude oil reserves According to estimations, proven reserves will reach its maximum around ~2040 Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2017
Oil producing countries
Crude type: Extra heavy
Source: www.vox.com Crude type: Shale oil
Crude oil supply chain Research Well creation Production Primary: own pressure assist to come on surface Secondary: gas or water injected to assist to come on surface Pretreatement: water and gas separation Storage Transport
Crude oil production
Crude oil pretreatement The oil is collected from the individual wells in central collecting stations Here free water is setting out and free gases are separated: the oil become stabilised The stabilised oil then may be transported
Transportation of crude oil Via water Long distance: see tankers Short distance: barges Via land Long distance: pipelines Short distance: rail cars, trucks
Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2017 Trade movements
The End
Suggested literature 1 Norway and the conventional cars: http://www.origo.hu/gazdasag/20170726-nagy-britanniabejelentette-a-2040-ig-szolo-kornyezetvedelmi-tervet.html 2 Chile and the solar energy: http://index.hu/tudomany/2016/06/08/chile_mar_nem_tudja_hova_tenni_a_napot/ 3 Wildfire in Canada: http://www.orientpress.hu/cikk/tovabb-tombol-az-erdotuz-kanadaban 4 BP Energy Outlook 2035: http://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/energy-economics/energyoutlook-2035.html 5 Everything about natural gas: http://naturalgas.org/ 6 Energy consumption at home: http://www.foldgaz.hu/oktatas.aspx 7 EIA International Energy Outlook 2016: http://www.eia.gov/forecasts/ieo/nat_gas.cfm 8 OECD webpage: www.oecd.org 9 IEA webpage: http://www.iea.org 10 IEA Gas Emergency Policy: https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/gas_emergency_policy.pdf 11 Linde honlap: http://www.linde-engineering.com/en/process_plants/index.html 12 Mercury removal: http://nucon-int.com/images/docs/adsorbents/carbon-mercuryremoval/mersorb-mercury-adsorbents-bulletin-11b28.pdf