Advanced Air Purification Technology Capabilities Assessment Michael Parham Research and Technology Directorate Edgewood Chemical Biological Center
Report Documentation Page Form Approved OMB No. 0704-0188 Public reporting burden for the collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington VA 22202-4302. Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to a penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not display a currently valid OMB control number. 1. REPORT DATE 19 NOV 2003 2. REPORT TYPE N/A 3. DATES COVERED - 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE Advanced Air Purification Technology Capabilities Assessment 5a. CONTRACT NUMBER 5b. GRANT NUMBER 5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER 6. AUTHOR(S) 5d. PROJECT NUMBER 5e. TASK NUMBER 5f. WORK UNIT NUMBER 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) Research and Technology Directorate Edgewood Chemical Biological Center 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER 9. SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10. SPONSOR/MONITOR S ACRONYM(S) 12. DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY STATEMENT Approved for public release, distribution unlimited 11. SPONSOR/MONITOR S REPORT NUMBER(S) 13. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES See also ADM001851, Proceedings of the 2003 Joint Service Scientific Conference on Chemical & Biological Defense Research, 17-20 November 2003., The original document contains color images. 14. ABSTRACT 15. SUBJECT TERMS 16. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF: 17. LIMITATION OF ABSTRACT UU a. REPORT unclassified b. ABSTRACT unclassified c. THIS PAGE unclassified 18. NUMBER OF PAGES 31 19a. NAME OF RESPONSIBLE PERSON Standard Form 298 (Rev. 8-98) Prescribed by ANSI Std Z39-18
Abstract Several programs under development, such as Comanche and Future Combat Systems have selected or are considering the use of advanced air purification technologies. In addition to these vehicle specific programs, the collective protective community will require an advanced air purification solution for shelters and fixed sites. To best handle the broad chemical and biological threat while reducing the logistical burden of current Joint Collective Protection Equipment a flexible hybrid approach is needed. This hybrid approach entails being able to select the best technology or combination of technologies for a given application s requirements. While comparisons have been made of advanced air purification technologies before, they have either only examined gross systematic strengths and weaknesses provided by subject matter experts, or they have compared demonstration systems designed for different applications. In order to develop the hybrid technology matrix of system metrics, a design study was conducted for a common chemical threat scenario over a wide range of potential application constraint conditions. Valuable comparison between two mature advanced air purification technologies, regenerative filtration and catalytic oxidation, are made from this common design case.
Objective Evaluate near term capabilities of single pass filtration, regenerative filtration and catalytic oxidation technologies. Provide a common comparative basis for all three technologies over an application relevant range of conditions. Quantify key system metrics: weight, size, and power requirement in a matrix incorporating flow rate and chemical threat.
Approach Common design problem posed for three technologies: single pass filtration, regenerative filtration, and catalytic oxidation. Only one application constraint variable was chosen: clean product air flow rate. This was done to reduce the scope of the study. Designs optimized to meet chemical threat requirement while minimizing weight, space claim and power requirements. Designs are non-application specific. Some applications may be more or less forgiving in terms of the size, weight, and power requirements.
Application Constraints Product air: breathable air at 25 C and 30 to 60% relative humidity. Application flow rates: 200 SCFM vehicles (FCS, AAAV, Comanche, etc.) 1000 SCFM shelters/safe rooms 10000 SCFM fixed sites Environmental inlet condition extremes Hot-dry 49 C (-7 C dew point) Hot-humid 41 C (31 C dew point) Constant high humidity 24 C (24 C dew point) Basic hot 43 C (10 C dew point)
Chemical Threat Profile Six 20,000 ct (mg-min/m 3 ) single component attacks over a 30 day period 120,000 ct total 2,000 mg/m 3 peak challenge concentration Threat profile 1: chemical warfare agents Mustard (HD) Sarin (GB) Cyanogen chloride (CK) Threat profile 2: chemical warfare agents and toxic industrial compounds Threat profile 1 chemicals Carbon monoxide Ammonia Ethylene oxide Carbon disulfide Formaldehyde Nitric acid
Chemical Removal Capability Chemical Single Pass Filtration Catalytic Oxidation Regenerative Filtration Mustard (HD) Sarin (GB) Cyanogen chloride (CK) Carbon monoxide O O Ammonia Ethylene oxide Carbon disulfide Formaldehyde Nitric acid, fuming O No data avail. Removed, Design limiting, O- Not removed
Nominal System Metrics Single pass filtration CWA threat profile results estimated from modular collective protection equipment system. CWA/TIC threat profile results estimated with data gathered from the advanced adsorbents DTO and TIC filtration programs. Environmental control unit provides application required conditioned air but is not required for chemical vapor removal. Regenerative filtration Temperature swing adsorption (TSA) chosen as the representative regenerative filtration technology. Environmental control unit cools the air and removes water prior to the TSA unit. Catalytic oxidation 200 1000 SCFM designs utilize a venturi scrubber supplied with water from the environmental control unit for post treatment of the catalytic reactor effluent. 10000 SCFM design utilizes a packed bed water scrubber as both the post treatment of the catalytic reactor effluent and the environmental control unit. Design is threat profile non-specific; CWA and CWA/TIC threat profile results are identical for this technology. Estimates of total system weight are unavailable for the CatOx technology.
Single pass filter Schematic of Single Pass Filtration System Contaminated Air Clean Air Blower Heater (optional) Filter (Particulate & Vapor) ECU
Temperature Swing Adsorption Unit Waste 20 Fuel 21 Combustion Air Heater 8 9 Valve 4 7 13 11 Valve 2 Valve 3 10 14 15 12 6 22 Product Vessel A Vessel B Makeup Water 19 16 5 18 17 Valve 1 Heat Exchange Blower Filtration 4 3 2 1 Ambient Air ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL UNIT
Catalytic Oxidation Unit INLET AIR PARTICULATE FILTER PT1 AIR MOVER TE1 TE7 TS2 TE9 HEAT RECOVERY HEAT ECHANGER TE10 PT2 TE6 CATALYTIC REACTOR TE8 TEMPERATURE CONTROLLER SCR TE5 TS1 TE4 TE3 TE2 AIR HEATER FE1 PT3 TE11 CLEAN AIR TO CREW FLOWMETER ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL SYSTEM H 2O + ACID GASES WATER RESERVOIR WASTE WATER S SV1 WATER PUMP
Nominal System Metrics 60000 System weight of single pass and regen filtration technologies sized for the CWA chemical threat scenario 55000 50000 45000 40000 Weight (lb) 35000 30000 25000 20000 15000 10000 5000 0 Single Pass TSA 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 Product flow rate (cfm)
Nominal System Metrics 60000 System weight of single pass and regen filtration technologies sized for the CWA/TIC chemical threat scenario 55000 50000 45000 40000 Weight (lb) 35000 30000 25000 20000 15000 10000 5000 0 Single Pass TSA 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 Product flow rate (cfm)
Nominal System Metrics System size for single pass, regen and catox technologies for the CWA chemical threat System size (ft3) 2200 2000 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 Product flow rate (cfm) Single Pass CatOx TSA
Nominal System Metrics System size for single pass, regen and catox technologies for the CWA/TIC chemical threat System size (ft3) 2200 2000 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 Product flow rate (cfm) Single Pass CatOx TSA
Nominal System Metrics System power requirement for single pass, regen, and catox technogies for the CWA chemical threat scenario Power requirement (kw) 650 600 550 500 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 Product flow rate (cfm) Single Pass CatOx TSA
Nominal System Metrics Power requirement for Single pass, Regen, and CatOx technogies for CWA/TIC chemical threat scenario Power requirement (kw) 650 600 550 500 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 Product flow rate (cfm) Single Pass CatOx TSA
Scaled System Metrics Application requirements are a key consideration when comparing system capabilities. Environmental control system requirements are responsible for a significant fraction of total system requirements. As configured an environmental control system is not required in conjunction with single pass filtration to meet chemical vapor removal requirements. Without the environmental control system cooling the inlet air and removing water the temperature swing adsorption unit would fail to meet chemical vapor removal requirements. Catalytic oxidation system power requirements are comparable to the ECS due to its electric heater.
Scaled System Metrics Scaled weight (lb / cfm @ 25 C) 7.000 6.000 5.000 4.000 3.000 2.000 1.000 Integrated Air Purification System Weight CWA/TIC chemical threat, 1000 CFM System Environmental Control System Air Purification System 0.000 Single Pass TSA
Scaled System Metrics Integrated Air Purification System Space Claim CWA/TIC chemical threat, 1000 CFM System Scaled System Size (ft^3 / CFM @ 25C) 0.250 0.200 0.150 0.100 0.050 Environmental Control System Air Purification System 0.000 Single Pass CatOx TSA
Scaled System Metrics Integrated Air Purification System Power Requirement CWA/TIC chemical threat, 1000 CFM System Scaled Power (kw / CFM @ 25 C) 0.15 0.14 0.13 0.12 0.11 0.10 0.09 0.08 0.07 0.06 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.00 Environmental Control System Air Purification System Single Pass CatOx TSA
Toxic Industrial Chemical Sensitivity Technologies need to be flexible to meet new chemical threats such as toxic industrial chemicals. The catalytic oxidation system design presented is insensitive to chemical threat. The temperature swing adsorption system design presented can handle the CWA/TIC threat profile with minor modifications. The single pass filtration system design presented requires significant alterations to handle the CWA/TIC threat profile.
Toxic Industrial Chemical Sensitivity Sensitivity of air purification system weight to the introduction of toxic industrial chemical threat Product flow rate (CFM @ 25 C) 10000 1000 200 Temperature Swing Adsorption Single Pass Filtration 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 Increase in system weight (%)
Toxic Industrial Chemical Sensitivity Sensitivity of air purification system size to the introduction of toxic industrial chemical threat Product flow rate (CFM @ 25 C) 10000 1000 200 Temperature Swing Adsorption Single Pass Filtration 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 Percent change (%)
Toxic Industrial Chemical Sensitivity Sensitivity of air purification system power requirement to the introduction of toxic industrial chemical threat Product flow rate (CFM @ 25 C) 10000 1000 200 Temperature Swing Adsorption Single Pass Filtration 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 Increase in power requirement (%)
Single Pass Filtration Advantages Protection against standard chemical/biological agents and many toxic industrial compounds. Low system and material cost. Low complexity. Optimized mature technology. Disadvantages Limited protection against expanding number of threats. High logistical burden. Susceptible to environmental aging.
Regenerative Filtration Advantages Broad protection against chemical/biological agents and toxic industrial compounds. Very large capacity. Reduced logistical requirements compared to single pass filtration. Not dependent upon impregnated adsorbents sensitive to environmental conditions. Disadvantages Increased complexity, weight, size, and power requirement. Potential for toxic purge gas. Adsorbent-adsorbate database not well developed. Issues impacting regeneration need to be addressed. Co-adsorbed water is an issue.
Catalytic Oxidation Advantages Broad protection against chemical/biological agents and toxic industrial compounds. Decomposes hazardous chemical and biological agents rather than retaining them. Very large capacity. Reduced logistical requirements compared to single pass filtration. Disadvantages Increased complexity and power requirement. Not immediately operational from cold-start. Potential catalysis deactivation methods must be identified and quantified before sizing the system for an application. A post treatment method must be devised, tested and integrated with any final system.
Conclusions Single pass filtration is a superior option for the current CWA threat due to its many decades of optimization. Catalytic oxidation and regenerative filtration are feasible and necessary options depending upon the chemical threat profile and mission duration. A well defined threat profile is required to best optimize the advanced air purification technologies. Significant effort must be made before catalytic oxidation and regenerative filtration are acceptable for fixed site (~10,000 SCFM) applications.
Acknowledgements Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, US Army Christopher Karwacki John Mahle Jeff Hoene Guild Associates, Inc. Joseph Rossin, CatOx design John Jones, CatOx design John Schlaeter, TSA design Robert Morrison, single pass filter design