The Way to Green : Transport sector in Thailand MEET follow-up Meeting (FUM) 16-18 June 2009 By Mr. Chamroon Tangpaisalkit Transport Technical Advisor OTP, Chamroon_t@otp.go.th 1
Introduction Thailand and Bangkok in overview Current situation & status Policy and Strategy Barriers and Opportunities Conclusion 2
Bangkok Metropolitan and Region BMR 3
POPULATION : 10.8 millions AREA : 7,760 sq.km. GDP 68 % of National GDP Bangkok Metropolitan Panorama 4
Traffic congested in urban center 5
Travel Pattern of people in Bangkok Total 17 Mil.Trips/Day Bus 35% 6 Mil. trips/day Mil. trips/day Mass Transit 4% Sky Train 0.45 Mil. Trips/Day BTS Subway 0.18 Mil. Trips/Day Car Car 56% 9.5 Mil. Trips/Day Mil. Trips/Day MRTA 6
Current Road Traffic Condition in Bangkok Average Speed = Average Speed = 47 47 km./hr. km./hr. Average Average Speed Speed = = 35 35 km./hr. km./hr. Average Speed = 23 Average Speed = 23 km./hr. km./hr. Average Average Speed Speed = = 12 12 km./hr. km./hr. Speed (Km./Hr.) 0-20 20-40 40-60 60-100 7 ช วงโมงเร งด ว
Forecasting of Energy used in Thailand Energy used : GDP (1.4:1) Estimate GDP growth 5% per year Unit : Bill. Bath Unit : Bill. Bath 2,500 2,000 1,500 1,000 500 31.14 Bill. US $ 1,090 777 573 34.69 Bill. US $ 1,529 61.29 Bill. US $ 2,145 0 1997 2002 2007 2012 2017 Exchange rate in year 2007 : 1 US$ = 35 Bath 8
Thailand Energy Consumption by Economic Sector In 1998 the Asian economic crises caused world oil demand to drop for a short time. 9
Fuel Consumption & New Vehicle Registered in BKK 7000 8.0 Fuel Consumption (M.L 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 1986 1987 Diesel Gasoline No. of Vehicles 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 7.0 6.0 5.0 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 0.0 5 New Vehicle Registered in BKK unit) (1 10
Share of Energy Demand in the Transportation Sector in Thailand Transport Mode Energy Demand ktoe Share (%) Land Transportation 14,743 79.1 Road 14,638 78.6 Rail 105 0.5 Water Transportation 851 4.6 Domestic 57 0.3 Overseas 794 4.3 Air Transportation 3,038 16.3 Domestic 307 1.6 Overseas 2,731 14.7 11
GHGs Emissions Green House Gas emissions from energy sector (million tonne CO 2 e) Year Transport Electricity Industrial Residential / Commercial Others Total Increasing per year 200 0 44.4 57.7 49 88 30.9 4.30 22 6 9.09 146, 6 561 200 1 45.6 61.2 23 64 33.9 4.53 5 9.21 154, 3 7.97 535 4 200 2 48.0 63.4 26 58 37.1 4.56 35 9 9.85 163, 1 8.50 039 4 200 3 51.6 66.2 26 99 38.0 4.67 43 5 10.7 171. 27 8.33 37 1 200 4 52.2 71.6 11 23 39.7 5.31 32 2 10.8 180. 05 9.31 683 3 Source: Thailand energy Statistics 2004 12
Ratio of Air Emissions (Pollutants) in Bangkok NO x SO x CO PM HC 100% 80% 60% 40% 80% 75% 54% 87% 20% 0% % Point source % Mobile sources (Motor Vehicle) % Area source 13
Air Pollution and Climate Change Link GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE GLOBAL AIR POLLUTION REGIONAL AIR POLLUTION URBAN AIR POLLUTION Greenhouse gases covered by Kyoto Protocol Air Pollutants CH4 N2O SF6 CO2 HFC PFC Ministry 14 of Transport
Potential CDM Projects Categorized by Baseline Setting Approaches Simple, with less data Complicated, need models and more data Top-Down (Total Vehicles) Low CO 2 content fuel Alternative fuels (e.g., CNG, Gasohol, Biodiesel) Bus operators (BMTA, Private bus companies), etc. Bottom-Up 1 (Each Vehicle) Low CO 2 emitting vehicles Engine modification Vehicle inspection/ maintenance program Hybrid/EV CNG/BDF buses/trucks Park & Ride Expressway, etc. Bottom-Up 2 (Network) Subway Infrastructure improvement Road/area pricing BRT LRT, etc. 15
Policy and Strategies An emerging concept based on Environmental co-benefits (climate change action and local environmental management, etc.) Socio-economic co-benefits (poverty alleviation, health, gender and human rights, etc.) Addressing how to overcome technical and financial as well as political barriers to undertake environmental protection measures at different levels 16
Challenges of local environmental actions Challenges are often cited in terms of Local capacity (technical / instrumental) Lack of legal /regulatory instruments Financial resources Awareness and support Background problems Policy priority amongst mounting multiple challenges (poverty, slums, housing, infrastructure, health, social welfare, economic livelihood) More competition than synergy Perception Environmental protection measures are financial burden (prevailing both in city managers, donors and investors) 17
Example cases of co-benefits Promoting public transportation / Demand side management for urban transport will generate: Environmental benefits: Improvement in local air quality Reduction of GHG gas emission Socio-economic co-benefits: Direct return from energy saving Avoiding the cost of traffic jam Stimulate economic livelihood / competitiveness Equitable mobility and safety New business opportunities New finance through urban Transport CDM project Saving health costs (air pollution, accidents, etc) 18
Barriers to Sustainable Transport Policy Barriers Institutional Barriers Technical Barriers Market Barriers Economic and Financial Barriers Information Barriers 19
Barrier Removal Activities Capacity building (e.g., financial evaluation, technology application, energy-integrated urban transport planning) Institutional strengthening (e.g., regulatory frameworks, vehicle emission standards) Investments (e.g., demonstration & replication projects) Training (e.g., design, operation, maintenance of vehicles and transport systems) Targeted research (e.g., adaptation of technologies, techniques, practices to local conditions) 20
Conclusion Main activities Continue effective operation of the network for promoting city-to-city cooperation / assisting capacity building at the local level Strengthen focus on climate change project to emerge in individual countries and take lead in national networking Financial support from Annex I countries 21