CHAPTER V ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION II (STATISTICAL ANALYSIS) Chapter IV formed an analysis based on the data collected through questionnaire by frequency distribution. This chapter analyses the data by applying various statistical tools. The questionnaire was based on four major dimensions. Dimensions Demographic and Personal profile Social status Economic status Job satisfaction Demographic and Personal profile: Age Community Religion Marital status Number of dependants Academic Qualifications Technical Qualifications Designation Category of College Nature of job Years of Experience Interest in Fine Arts Interest in other Activities Interest to serve the Society 168
Social Status: The questions that sought to find out the social status of the women teachers are classified into three broad types. a) Questions relating to all the women teachers b) Questions relating to the unmarried women teachers only c) Questions relating to the married women teachers only. Questions relating to all the women teachers: Freedom to take up higher studies Attitude of the higher Authorities Status among colleagues Co-operation with the ministerial staff Relationship with the students Questions relating to the unmarried women teachers only: o Parental permission to participate in seminars etc., o Participation in extra-curricular activities o Reason for preferring the teaching profession o Views of society o Right to continue in their job after marriage Questions relating to the married women teachers only: Nature of family Feelings about dependants Level of self-confidence to strike a balance between professional and familial roles Right to take decisions in family matters Appreciation from family 169
Economic Status: The questions on Economic status are common to all groups of women teachers whether married or unmarried except question number 3.13, 3.14, 3.15 which is related to married women teachers only. The factors analysed under this dimension are as follows: Type of salary Amount of salary Income from other sources Average monthly family income Nature of Housing Accommodation Mode of transport Nature of ownership on immovable assets Type of modern appliances at home Standard of living Utilisation of the major part of the salary Percentage of savings Feelings about pocket money School education stream chosen for children Compulsion to spend their salary for family members Freedom to spare a share of income to their parents Job satisfaction and Redressal of Grievances Questions relating to job satisfaction and grievance redressal are common to all women teachers. Level of satisfaction with the salary and other monetary benefits Level of satisfaction with the non-monetary benefits Kinds of problems faced from the students Feelings about stress 170
Level of satisfaction with the infrastructure facilities Level of satisfaction with the leave and on-duty facilities Level of satisfaction with the welfare measures Opportunities to update their knowledge Freedom given by the institutions to participate in seminars etc., Types of extension activities participated Level of satisfaction with the workload Feelings about Gender discrimination Level of activity of Grievance Redressal Committee Strategies used by the institutions to solve problems Strategies adopted by women teachers to solve problems from management. In this chapter the data collected are analysed and interpreted. Statistical Analysis of Data: The researcher has used questionnaire method as a tool for collecting data for this study. All the question items are set on 5-point scale. The study is an analytical research based on survey method. Primary data have been collected from the respondents and the necessary secondary data have been collected from the other sources like journals, theses, books, reports and the like. The study units are classified into three groups namely Government colleges, Government-aided colleges and Self-financing colleges and equal weightage has been given to all categories of colleges. The primary data collected from the respondents have been carefully compiled. For the purpose of detailed analysis, the opinion of the respondents which is qualitative in nature was quantified. The five-point scale was adopted for this purpose. Many of the relevant statistical tools were applied for descriptive analysis as well as inferential analyse. Tools such as percentages, ratios and averages are used to bring out the results of the study. Tools such as 171
One- way Analysis of Variance (One-way ANOVA), Chi-square test, Student s t-test are applied for comparative and inferential study. Necessary statistical hypotheses were framed and appropriate tests applied to test them. ANOVA (Analysis of variance): Analysis of variance (ANOVA) is a technique to test for the significance of the difference between more than two sample means and to make inferences about whether our samples are drawn from the populations having the same mean. The analysis of variance procedure or F-test is used in such problems where we want to test for the significance of the difference among more than two sample means. Assumptions in Analysis of Variance: The analysis of variance technique is based on the following assumptions: Each sample is drawn randomly from a normal population and the sample statistics tend to reflect the characteristics of the population The populations from which the samples are drawn have identical means and variances Classifications of Analysis of Variance: One-way classification Two-way classification One-way (or) Single factor ANOVA The term one-factor analysis of variance refers to the fact that a single variable or factor of interest is controlled and its effect on the elementary units is observed. In other words, in one-way classification the data are classified according to only one criterion. 172
Two-way ANOVA The two-factor analysis of variance, tests two sets of hypothesis with the same data at the same time. 1 One-way ANOVA has been used in this analysis. Chi-square test: It is an important non-parametric test and it is used to judge the significance of population variance. The test is based on χ 2 distribution. There are no rigid assumptions in respect of the type of population. Only the degrees of freedom (implicitly of course the size of the sample) are needed for using this test. As a non-parametric test, chi-square can be used (i) as a test of goodness of fit and (ii) as a test of independence. (i) As a Test of Goodness of Fit: χ 2 test enables one to see how well the assumed theoretical distribution (such as Binomial distribution, Poisson distribution or Normal distribution) fit to the observed data. (ii) As a Test of Independence: χ 2 test enables us to explain whether or not two attributes are associated. It is used to check if the views of two categories of women teachers are independent. For a contingency table with m rows and n columns, the chisquare statistic is ------------------------------------------ 1 Gupta, S.P., and M.P., Gupta, 1999. Business Statistics, Sultan Chand & Sons, New Delhi. 173
follows a Chi-square distribution with (m-1) x (n-1) degrees of freedom. Here Oij is the observed frequency in the (ij)th cell and Eij is the expected (or) estimated frequency for the (ij)th cell. The expected frequencies are calculated using the formula: ith row total x jth column total Eij= Grand total The calculated χ 2 value is then compared with the table value of chisquare distribution at a % level of significance. It may be concluded that the attributes are not dependent if the calculated value is greater than the table value. Student s t-test: The Student s t-test is used to check if two means are equal or not when the population variances are unknown. The t-test statistic for testing the equality of two means is defined as t= follows the student s t-distribution with (n1+n2-2) degrees of freedom. The calculated value of ǀ t ǀ is compared with the table value of t-distribution at a % level of significance. It is inferred that the means are not equal if ǀ t ǀ is greater than the table value. 2 ----------------------------------------------------------- 2 Kothari, C.R., 2003. Research methodology Methods & Techniques, Second Edition, Wishwa Prakashan Publications, New Delhi. 174