Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering Conference Proceedings and Presentations Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering 5-10-2005 Ammonia Emissions and Potential Options for U.S. Poultry Facilities Hongwei Xin Iowa State University, hxin@iastate.edu Follow this and additional works at: http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/abe_eng_conf Part of the Bioresource and Agricultural Engineering Commons The complete bibliographic information for this item can be found at http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/ abe_eng_conf/220. For information on how to cite this item, please visit http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/ howtocite.html. This Presentation is brought to you for free and open access by the Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering Conference Proceedings and Presentations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact digirep@iastate.edu.
Ammonia Emissions and Potential Options for U.S. Poultry Facilities Disciplines Bioresource and Agricultural Engineering This presentation is available at Iowa State University Digital Repository: http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/abe_eng_conf/220
Ammonia Emissions & Potential Mitigation Options for U.S. Poultry Facilities Hongwei Xin, Professor Ag. & Biosystems Engineering Dept Iowa State University North Atlantic Poultry Health and Management Conference May 10, 2005
Contributors Dr. Yi Liang,, Iowa State University Mr. Hong Li, Iowa State University Dr. Richard Gates,, Univ. of Kentucky Mr. Ken Casey, Univ. of Kentucky Dr. Eileen Wheeler,, Penn State Univ. Mr. Pat Topper, Penn State University Ms. Jennifer Zajaczkowski, PSU
Issues CERCLA reportable ammonia (NH 3 ) release amount: 100 lb/day NH 3 is considered as a precursor to PM2.5, a regulated pollutant under CAA Limited NH 3 emission data under U.S. production conditions Need for practical means to mitigate emissions
USDA-IFAFS Project (2002-2004) 2004) Determine year-round round NH 3 emission rates of representative U.S. poultry (broilers and layer) houses under different production schemes/conditions, thereby baseline data on NH 3 emission factors Quantify effect of dietary manipulation on NH 3 emission of high-rise layer houses Web site: http://www.bae.uky.edu/ifafs/
Broiler Houses Monitored for NH 3 Emissions State Site No. Litter Treatment Litter Management KY 1 2 4 2 2 Yes (Nov Mar) Yes No Built-up Annual Removal Built-up Annual Removal PA B H 2 2 Yes No Built-up Annual Removal Fresh Shavings Flock Removal
Layer Houses Monitored for NH 3 Emissions State House Type No. Diet Manure Removal IA High-Rise 2 2 Standard Lower CP Annually Manure Belt 2 Standard Daily PA High-Rise Manure Belt 2 2 Standard Annually Semi-Weekly
High-rise Layer House Typically 80,000 125,000 hens In-house manure storage (~1 yr) Manure scraped or direct drop
Manure-belt Layer House Typically 100,000-125,000 hens Manure removed daily to semi-weekly On/off farm manure storage or composting
What s s out there today? Layers Pullets STYLE Houses % STYLE Houses % Manure belts 590 23% Manure belts 143 22% High-rise 1,873 73% High-rise 487 75% Shallow pit 103 4% Shallow pit 20 3% Total 2,566 100% Total 650 100% Basis: Layers in production 1/1/05 = 287,400,000 Average house population = 112,000 hens/house Total houses = 2,566 Source: Tom Lippi, CTB, 2005
What s s selling today? (Estimates for all cage manufacturers) Layers STYLE Est. % Manure belts 60% High-rise 40% Shallow pit 0% Total 100% STYLE Manure belts High-rise Shallow pit Total Pullets Est. % 67% 33% 0% 100% Source: Tom Lippi, CTB, 2005
Broiler Houses Typically 20,000-30,000 birds New or build-up litter with or w/o litter treatment Growth period of 6 8 weeks
Simplified NH 3 Emission Rate ER = Q ( C C o i ) 10 6 C i, C o inlet & outlet NH 3 concentrations, ppm Q building ventilation rate, CFM or m 3 /hr
PMU for NH 3 & CO 2 Concentration Sample air Fresh or purging air 3-way servo valve Filter Dual NH 3 monitors 50 ppm 50 ppm Timer Relay Data logger Measurements: -Valve timing -CO 2 signal CO 2 sensor 2,000 ppm
Direct Measurement of Fan Airflow
Variations in Airflow among Eight Identical 48-inch Fans 25,000 22,500 Airflow (cfm) 20,000 17,500 15,000 Fan 1 Fan 2 Fan 3 Fan 4 Fan 5 Fan 6 Fan 7 Fan 8 12,500 0.000 0.025 0.050 0.075 0.100 0.125 0.150 Static Pressure ("wg)
NH 3 Emission Rate of Broiler Houses of Current Study (Average & Range over Flock) Litter Type Built-up Fresh Shavings NH 3 Emission Rate (g/bird-day) day) Broilers (40 day) 0.83 (0 1.45) 0.62 (0 1.24) Heavy Broilers (49 day) 0.97 (0 1.73) 0.76 (0 1.52) Roasters (63 day) 1.19 (0 2.16) 0.98 (0 1.96)
NH 3 Emission Rate of Laying Hen Houses of Current Study House Type High- Rise NH 3 Emission Rate (g/hen-day) PA Std Diet 0.87 (0.37-1.74) Std Diet 0.90 (0.21-1.61) 1.61) IA LCP Diet 0.81 (0.17-1.34) 1.34) Manure Belt a 0.083 (0.01-0.23) 0.23) 0.054 (0.003-0.15) 0.15) Values are annual means (lows highs) a Manure removed daily in IA & semi-weekly in PA
48-hr Ventilation & NH 3 Emission Rate of an IA High-rise Layer House 100 35 NH3 ER (mg/h-hen) 80 60 40 20 T outside ER VR 30 25 20 15 10 5 Ventilation (m 3 /h-hen), Temperature (C) 0 0 8/13 0 8/13 12 8/14 0 8/14 12 8/15 0 8/15 12 8/16 0 Date (mm/dd hr)
48-hr Ventilation and Emission Rates of an IA Manure Belt Layer House Temperature (C) 20 15 10 5 0-5 VR ER Manure removal T out 5 4 3 2 1 ER (mg/h-bird) VR (m 3 /h-bird) -10 0 6 12 18 0 6 12 18 0 6 12 18 Time of Day (hr)
Monthly Mean NH 3 Emission Rates of IA High-Rise Layer Houses 100 80 60 40 20 0 Control Treatment T outside January February March April May June July August September October November December NH 3 ER (mg/h-bird) Temperature (C) Month of 2003 30 20 10 0-10 -20-30 -40-50
NH 3 Emission Rate vs. Time of Manure Accumulation in H-R H R Layer Houses Ammonia ER (mg/h-bird) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 ER = 0.0318D + 32.378 (R 2 = 0.0023) ER = 1.0889D + 4.5141 (R 2 = 0.8493) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Days of Manure Accumulation After Cleanout
Estimated # Birds to Emit 100 lb NH 3 /day Animal Type Housing Type Emission Rate g NH 3 /bird-day # birds to emit 100 lb NH 3 /day Broiler Mean of broiler houses 0.93 48,817 Hi of heavy broiler (roaster) houses 2.16 21,019 Layer Mean of high-rise houses 0.90 50,444 Hi of high-rise houses 1.61 28,199 Mean of belt houses-1 d removal 0.054 840,741 Hi of belt houses-1 d removal 0.132 343,939 Mean of belt house-3 or 4 d removal 0.094 482,979 Hi of belt houses-3-4 d removal 0.28 162,143
Manure Storage Emissions
NH 3 Emissions from Laying Hen Manure Stacks of Different Depths (in progress) Cumulative NH 3 Emission, g / kg 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 ACH = 20 Manure stack depth 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 Time of Storage, day 2" 4" 8" 16" 31"
Potential Mitigation Options Best Best management practices (e.g., avoid wet manure/litter, good house-keeping) Certain feed additives/diet manipulation Litter/manure treatment Exhaust air treatment (scrubbers, filters, etc.)
Use of a curtain to reduce dust emissions (17-20%) from poultry houses. Costs about $5000/house. Source: Philip Moore et al.
Use of biomass filters (cornstalk, straw) to trap dust, thus reduce odor (40-90%) from swine facilities Source: Philip Moore et al.
Biofilter to Control Emissions Mechanically Ventilated Building Exhaust Fan Odorous Air Treated Air Exhaust Biofilter Media Media Support Manure Pit Air Duct Air Plenum
Surface Application of Zeolite on NH 3 Emission from Layer Manure Storage (in progress) Daily NH 3 ER (g/init. kg-d) 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 Ctrl Trt2.5 Trt5 Trt10 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 Manure Storage Time (day) Zeolite application rate: 0, 2.5%, 5% or 10% by weight
Effect of Feed Additives on NH 3 Emission from Layer Manure Storage (in progress) 0.6 30 Daily NH 3 ER (g/init. kg-d) 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 ER Ctrl T Room T Manure ER Trt 25 20 15 10 5 Air or Manure Temperature (C) 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 Manure Storage Time (day) 0
Conclusions Ammonia emission rates were measured for one year from (10) layer houses in IA & PA and (12) broiler houses in KY & PA. Manure management or removal schemes impact ammonia emissions from the houses. Ammonia emission rate exhibited more daily variations than seasonal variations.
Conclusions (cont d) Threshold numbers of birds emitting 100 lb. NH 3 /day were derived from the collected emission data. Diet manipulation shows good potential to reduce ammonia emission without adverse effect on hen performance. More exploration and testing of practical mitigation strategies are warranted.
UEP Environmental Scientific Panel (formed July 2004) Dr. Jim Arthur, Hy-Line International Dr. Bruce Behrends, Sparboe Company, MN Dr. Richard Gates,, University of Kentucky Mr. Rich Hall,, Southwest Iowa Egg, IA Mr. Carroll Hale,, Rose Acre Farms, IN Dr. Albert Heber,, Purdue University Dr. Richard Hegg,, USDA-CSREES Mr. Tom Lippi, CTB, Inc., IN Dr. Philip Moore,, USDA-ARS ARS Dr. Paul Patterson,, Penn State University Mr. Bob Pike,, Braswell Foods, NC Dr. Eileen Wheeler,, Penn State University Dr. Hongwei Xin,, Iowa State University, Chair
UEP-ESP ESP Mission Assist the U.S. egg industry in addressing air emission issues by: a) serving as an info clearinghouse re: past & ongoing research activities & findings on air emissions from egg operations; b) providing advice to the industry toward seeking practical solutions to mitigate air emissions from egg operations.
Acknowledgements Funding & cooperation provided by: Ajinomoto Heartland LLC Iowa Egg Council ISU Institute for Physical Research & Tech. IA, KY & PA poultry producers/companies USDA-IFAFS Program