KINETICS OF ALKALINE HYDROLYSIS OF MILLET COBS FOR GLUCOSE PRODUCTION By MOHAMMED S. SIDI ALI (200S/21766EH) DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING < FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, MINNA NIGERIA NOVEMBER 2010
KINETICS OF ALKALINE HYDROLYSIS OF MILLET COBS FOR GLUCOSE PRODUCTION By MOHAMMED S. SIDI ALI (2005/21766EH) A PROJECT SUBMITTED TO THE DEP ARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEEERING, FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, MINNA NIGERIA. IN partial FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (B.Eng) DEGREE IN CHEMICAL ENGINEERING DECEMBER,2010. ii
Declaration I, MobamIIl S Sidi Ali, with matriculation number 2005/21766EH, declares that this ed research project, kinetics of alkaline hydrolysis of miuet cobs for glucose production is my original work and has not been presented for any degree elsewhere, to the best of my knowledge. Every detail as weil as information obtained from published and unpublished work as been duly acknowledged ir my write up. Name... Signature o \ - \I - '1.A'l re>... iii
Certification This is to certify that this research project titled kinetics of alkaline hydrolysis of millet cobs for glucose production was carried out by Mohammed S. Sidi Ali under the supervision of professor. F. Aberuabga and submitted to the Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering and Engineering Technology, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Niger state, in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of Bachelor of Engineering (B. Eng.) degree in chemical Engineering.... :t Prof. F. Aberuagba (Project supervisor) I " I F~ 0"2--...... Prof.F.Aberuagba (Head of Department)...... External Examiner iv
Dedication This research project is dedicated to Almighty Allah, who has used my Parent to support me vehemently from conception through every moment of my life and to my cousins, uncles, brothers, sisters and the entire makun's family. v
Acknowledgement First and foremost, I give thanks to the Almighty Allah for his divine protection during the course of the project work I will like to appreciate my supervisor in person of my distinguished H.O.D; Prof. F. Aberuagba for his thorough supervision and technical advice during, this project. I will want to appreciate the effort of my school fathers in person of Mohammed Sidi Ali of Chemical Engineering, F.U.T Minna, Mohammed Bida and Mohammed Saba. I will also like to express my sincere gratitude to my industrious parents late Mallam Makun Mahamud Sani. My profound gratitude goes to Mallama Hawa'u Mahamud Sani for her moral, parental and financial support. I will also like to appreciate my family members who solemly help towards the completion of my mission; Mohammed Wokili Muye, Mallam Mohammed Umaru, Barrister Malik Umaru, Hon.Kabiru, Tukur, Mustafa, Shayibu, Aminu, Yusuf, Halidu and sisters;bilikisu, Khadijat, Rukayatu and my uncles; Maku Umaru, Muazu Mahmud, my Aunts;Hajia Hasana, Hajia Ambo and as well as my friends; Jamiu K, Ashafa, Akande Idris. Also my profound gratitude goes to my room mate and the entire resident Peace Island. Special prayer to my late parents: grand father, father, sister hoping that God grant them eternal rest in the peak of paradise and wishing all 500 level chemical Engineering student good luck in all there endeavour. vi
ABSTRACT The alkaline hydrolysis of millet cobs for glucose production was investigated in a batch reactor. This was accomplished by the pretreatment of millet cobs (sample) by grinding to reduce their sizes and treating with diethyl- ether to remove extractives. Also hydrolysis of cellulose to D-glucose was carried out using 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4 M of sodium hydroxide solution at temperature ranges of 60-80 C. The results obtained shows that alkaline hydrolysis reaction follows a first order kinetics and the activation energy obtained was 49.8858 KJ I gmol, the activation energy so obtained for alkaline hydrolysis was lower than that obtained from acid hydrolysis of the same sample (millet cob) which stands at 72.2130 KJ/gmol. This also indicates that millet cob is easier to hydrolysed via alkaline medium. It was found that, for this work the optimum operating temperature was 75 C while the optimum concentration was 0.2 M with the highest percentage glucose yield of about 1.45 while that of the acid hydrolysis gives higher yield of 2.48 percent. vii