Use of a Multibeam Echosounder (Sonar) for Critical Infrastructure Assessments during the 2011 Missouri River Flood Richard C. Wilson P.E. Associate Director, USGS Nebraska Water Science Center Thailand Pollution Control Department February 10, 2012
Fort Peck Dam
Fort Randall Dam
Missouri River - before
Missouri River - during
2011 Missouri River Flood June 2011 I-680 Bridge Looking east
2011 Missouri River Flood Gavins Point Dam June 2011 165,000 cfs or 4,700 cms
2011 Flood Fort Calhoun Nuclear Power Plant July 2011 205,000 cfs or 5,805 cms
2011 Flood Blair Marina July 2011 205,000 cfs or 5,805 cms
2011 Flood South Sioux City July 24, 2011 175,000 cfs or 4,955 cms
2011 Flood South Sioux City July 24, 2011 175,000 cfs or 4,955 cms
2011 Flood-USGS Role Daily discharge measurements from St. Louis to Montana Hydrographic surveying for infrastructure assessment and protection Served at Flood Command Center Near real-time hydraulic modeling Water-quality sampling Sediment sampling for sediment-transport analysis by physical sampling methods and multibeam echosounder (sonar) soundings: first time ever at these discharges Rapid deployment streamgages
2011 Flood-USGS Measuring Discharge Streamgages Real-time stage and discharge information Discharge measurements Stage-discharge ratings Record processing Missouri River gages at: Yankton, Maskell, Sioux City, Decatur, Blair, Omaha, Plattsmouth, NE City, and Rulo Information used by multiple agencies Critical to the flood fight, 150 discharge measurements
2011 Flood-Discharge Measurements Missouri River at Omaha, NE IA NE 984 ft Above Sea Level 1,266 ft. from Iowa Bank 938 ft July 1, 2011 Discharge: 207,000 cfs Gage Height: 35.90 ft Max Depth: 46.2 ft Average Depth: 17.2 ft
Hydrographic Surveying - Purposes Assessments of lakes and reservoirs Navigation bathymetry maps Quantity measurements of dredged materials Inspections of dams, bridges, levees, and other infrastructure Data for hydrodynamic and sediment-transport models Habitat assessment Scour assessment
Bathymetric Map
Multibeam Echosounder (MBES) Hydrographic Surveying State of the art technology Maps the entire bed Accurate measurement Identifies deep holes, shallow areas, bed material, debris, structures, fish 22
Multibeam Echosounder (MBES) Reson Seabat MBES 7125 - Sonar Swath width 130 degrees or 3.5-to-1 ratio 512 beams, equally spaced data points collected per ping 10 to 30 pings per second (US vs. DS) Depth from 0.5 to 150 meters RTK GPS and inertial measurement unit (IMU) navigation system for precise positioning Maps the entire river bed Nadar Beam 23
Reson 7125 Multibeam Echosounder Components Projector Array Receiver Array Sound Velocity Probe
Multibeam Patch Test Calibration Roll correction Pitch correction Yaw correction Nadar Beam
Multibeam Data Processing Data sets are large, typically 35 million points per bridge survey Dell Precision T7500 Intel Xeon Quad Core Processor 3.46 GHz 12GB DDR3 SDRAM, 1333MHz, 2 GeForce GTX 480 2.0 Graphics Cards Software Navigation: HYSWEEP Data processing : Caris Data interpretation: ESRI
Accuracy of MBES Surveys Multiple factors Satellite configuration RTKGPS vs. DGPS Quality of the GPS benchmark Beam angle (degrades at larger angles) Motion correction - IMU Water depth Quality Control Bar check Repeat survey Speed of sound in water Compare to previous surveys
2011 Flood-Infrastructure Assessment and Protection USGS conducted multiple hydrographic sonar surveys, June December 2011 Bridge piers and abutments Transmission towers Intake structures River bed Side channels Levees Pipelines
Dangerous work Lack of access Submerged boat ramps Entry points: roads, ditches, anywhere Long travel times to the survey site High velocity flows Eroding banks Restricted use Corps of Engineers USGS Coast Guard Others 2011 Flood- Difficult Operations
2011 Flood- Bridge Scour Sioux City June 25
2011 Flood- Multibeam Survey Results 31
2011 Flood-Multibeam Results Hwy-51 Flow Decatur Hwy 51 Overbank Flood Channel (New) Pier Failed Abutment
2011 Flood-Multibeam Results Hwy-51
2011 Flood-Multibeam Results Hwy-51 Bridge Abutment Failure Flow Revetment Pier Scour Hole
2011 Flood-Scour Hwy-51 Bridge
2011 Flood-Scour Hwy-370 Bridge Multibeam echosounder sonar USGS, NDOR, MODOT crews Overall 43 bridges surveyed from St. Louis to Montana
2011 Flood-Scour Hwy-2 NE City (depth in meters) July 19, 2011 210,000 cfs
2011 Flood-Yellowstone River Pipeline Rupture On July 1, 2011, an Exxon Mobil pipeline ruptured releasing an estimated 42,000 gallons of oil into the Yellowstone River near Laurel, Montana. The 12-inch line broke after flooding scoured the river bed and exposed the pipe, which had been buried just 5 feet deep in some areas. Lincoln Journal Star, Sept 24, 2011
2011 Flood-Multibeam Surveys of Submerged Pipelines Requested by EPA Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration Coast Guard FEMA Pipeline Companies Original X-Section-Pipeline Company
2011 Flood-Multibeam Pipeline Surveys Uncertainties of location and depth Variability in construction drawings Required coordination with multiple parties
2011 Flood-Multibeam Pipeline Surveys Small-diameter pipe, hard to identify Multibeam sonar required Buried at different depths 14 pipelines at 4 different locations Limited success Future techniques
USGS Water-Quality Sampling Constituents Physical Inorganics major-minor ions, metals, non-metals Nutrients Microbiological Biological Toxicity Organics pesticides and PCBs Radiochemical Flow-weighted sampling
CONCENTRATION Nitrate and Nitrite (mg/l) as N Missouri River at Omaha, NE 10 2001-2010 2011 1 0.1 0.01 0 50,000 100,000 150,000 200,000 250,000 STREAMFLOW, IN CFS
CONCENTRATION Atrazine (ug/l) Missouri River at Omaha, NE 10 2001-2010 2011 1 0.1 0.01 0 50,000 100,000 150,000 200,000 250,000 STREAMFLOW, IN CFS
CONCENTRATION Total Phosphorus (mg/l) as P Missouri River at Omaha, NE 10 2001-2010 2011 1 0.1 0.01 0 50,000 100,000 150,000 200,000 250,000 STREAMFLOW, IN CFS
2011 Flood- Sediment Sampling Low turbidity and suspended sediment High bedload Rolling sand dunes over 3 meters 1st time on the Missouri in 50 years
CONCENTRATION Suspended Sediment (mg/l) Missouri River at Omaha, NE 10000 2001-2010 1000 2011 100 10 1 0 50,000 100,000 150,000 200,000 250,000 STREAMFLOW, IN CFS
CONCENTRATION Turbidity (NTRU) Missouri River at Omaha, NE 10000 2001-2010 1000 2011 100 10 1 0 50,000 100,000 150,000 200,000 250,000 STREAMFLOW, IN CFS
Continuous Water-Quality Monitoring Dissolved Oxygen Specific conductance Temperature Turbidity ph
Discharge and Dissolved Oxygen
Turbidity and Specific Conductance
2/12/06 8/13/06 2/12/07 8/13/07 2/12/08 8/12/08 2/11/09 8/12/09 2/11/10 8/12/10 2/11/11 8/12/11 Streamflow, in cfs Turbidity, in FNU Streamflow vs. Turbidity 300,000 250,000 Streamflow Missouri River at St. Joseph, MO 2000 1800 1600 200,000 Turbidity 1400 1200 150,000 1000 100,000 800 600 50,000 400 200 0 0
Incremental bedload, in ton/d Depth, in feet 2011 Flood-Sediment Transport Bedload is more difficult to measure Used multibeam to predict sediment transport Techniques used: Modified-Einstein Physical sampling Bathymetric time-series Missouri River at Maskell, NE 5000 4500 4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 Station, in feet Bedload pass 2 Bedload pass 1 Depth, in feet 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Missouri River - after
USGS CONTACT INFORMATION Nebraska Water Science Center (402) 328-4100 5231 South 19th St. http://ne.water.usgs.gov Lincoln, NE 68512-1271 On Twitter: @USGSNeb Robert B. Swanson Director (402) 328-4110 rswanson@usgs.gov Jason M. Lambrecht Associate Director for Hydrologic Data (402) 328-4124 jmlambre@usgs.gov Richard C. Wilson, P.E. Associate Director for Hydrologic Studies (402) 328-4120 wilson@usgs.gov Ronald B. Zelt Associate Director NAWQA (402) 328-4140 rbzelt@usgs.gov