Oceans Economy and Trade, Sustainable Fisheries, Transport and Tourism, Joint UNCTAD - Commonwealth Secretariat - International Ocean Institute Seminar, 10-12 May 2016 - Geneva, Switzerland This expert paper is reproduced by the UNCTAD secretariat in the form and language in which it has been received. The views expressed are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the view of the United Nations.
The Blue Economy in Perspective Volume of World Trade (%) Value of World Trade (%) 14.3 0.3 10.0 89.8 13.0 72.7 Seaborne Airborne Overland Seaborne Airborne Overland
The Blue Chain BLUE CHAIN SUPPORT UK & Scandinavia Financing and Insurance Hong Kong, Netherlands, Singapore & UAE (44%) Global Terminal Operators Philippines & Indonesia Seafarers 1. Building 2. Ownership 3. Registration 4. Operations 5. Scrapping Korea & China (72%) Greece, Japan & China (38%) Panama, Liberia & Marshall Islands (42%) Denmark & Switzerland (30%) India, Bangladesh, China & Pakistan (92%)
Seaborne Trade & Exports of Goods Feeling the Blues 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 International Seaborne Trade and Exports of Goods, 1955-2014 Seaborne Trade (billions of tons of goods loaded) - Left Axis Exports of Goods (trillions at current $US) - Left Axis Ratio Exports / Seaborne Trade - Right Axis 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0
Blue Highways: Maritime Shipping 15% 5% 30%
The Blue Pinch: Terminal Surface Controlled by the Main Global Terminal Operators 17,242 hectares (172.4 km2)
The Big Blue: Evolution of Containerships A Early Containerships (1956-) 500 800 TEU Fully Cellular (1970-) 1,000 2,500 TEU 137x17x9 meters (LOA Beam Draft) 200x20x9 215x20x10 6 containers across 4 containers high on deck 4 containers high below deck 4 4 5 4 6 8 10 B Panamax (1980-) 3,000 3,400 TEU Panamax Max (1985-) 3,400 4,500 TEU 290x32x12.5 250x32x12.5 6 5 8 6 13 13 C Post Panamax I (1988-) 4,000 5,000 TEU Post Panamax II (2000-) 6,000 8,000 TEU 285x40x13 300x43x14.5 9 6 9 5 15 17 D New-Panamax (2014-) 12,500 TEU 366x49x15.2 10 6 20 E Post Panamax III (2006-) 15,000 TEU Triple E (2013-) 18,000 TEU 397x56x15.5 ; 22 10 8 (not shown) 400x59x15.5 10 8 23
World s Major Container Ports, 2012
Transshipment Volume and Incidence by Major Ports, 2007-12
Emerging Structure of the Ocean Economy
The Spatial Organization of the Ocean Economy: Maritime Clusters Port Clusters Terminal Clusters Port / Logistics Clusters Port Container Terminal Multiport Gateway Port Port-Centric Logistics Zone Transshipment cluster Terminal operator A (Container) Terminal operator B (Container) Terminal operator C (Bulk) Port authority First Tier Logistics Second Tier Logistics Bulk
The Geographical Setting of Multi-port Gateways Regions Pacific-Asia (e.g. Pearl River Delta) North American West Coast (e.g. LA/Long Beach) Landbridge Container port / terminal Logistics zone / site Strongly developed corridor Poorly developed corridor Multi-port gateway region North Europe (e.g. Rhine Scheldt Delta)
The East Asian Container Port System and its Multi-port Gateway Regions
The North-American Container Port System and its Multi-Port Gateway Regions
The European Container Port System and its Multi-port Gateway Regions
Inter-firm Relationships in the Main Container Ports of the Pearl River Delta, 2015 GUANGZHOU APM Terminals (AP Moller Group) 20% Guangzhou South China Oceangate Container Terminal 41% 39% Cosco Pacific China Shipping Group 40% Nansha Container Terminal 60% Guangzhou Port Group ZHUHAI Zhuhai International Container Terminals Nanhai International Container Terminals Guangzhou Huangpu Xingang Terminal Guangzhou Huangpu Xinsha Terminal 51% 49% PSA Shenzhen Yantian Port Group 25% Dongguan Container Terminal Modern Terminals Cosco Pacific 15% Modern Terminals 65% 20% 8% Yantian International Container Terminals Da Chan Bay Terminal One Shekou Container Terminals Chiwan Container Terminal SHENZHEN 55% 35% 80% China Merchant Mawan Port 84% Shenzhen Municipal Government China Merchants Holdings International HUTCHISON PORT HOLDINGS DP World COSCO-HIT Terminal 67% Hong Kong International Terminals 20% Asia Port Services 40% 25% Asia Container Terminals DP World Hong Kong 33% HONG KONG 40% Shipping Line Terminal Operator Terminal PORT Financial Holding
Inter-firm Relationships in the Three Main Container Ports of North America, 2015 APL Global Gateway South Ontario Teachers' Pension Plan NYK Yusen Terminals Mitsui OSK 61% TraPac Los Angeles Berth 136 APM Terminals Pier 400 Evergreen 70% Evergreen Terminal 30% APM Terminals (AP Moller Group) Global Container Terminals Yangming 40% West Basin Container Terminal 20% New York Container Terminal China Shipping 20% Matson 35% LOS ANGELES LONG BEACH Terminal C60 65% Deutsche Bank RREEF Global Terminal and Container Services APM Terminals Port Elizabeth MSC Terminal A Maher Terminals Maher Terminal OOIL Long Beach Container Terminal Ports America Port Newark Container Terminal K-Lines Hyundai Pier G Berth California United Terminals Cosco Pacific 51% Pacific Container Terminal 49% Stevedoring Services of America MSC NEW YORK Hanjin 34% Total Terminals International 20% Macquarie Infrastructure AIG Highstar Capital MSC 46% Shipping Line Terminal Operator Terminal PORT Financial Holding
Inter-firm Relationships in the Three Main Container Ports of the Rhine-Scheldt Delta, 2015 HUTCHISON PORT HOLDINGS 20% PSA 93% 51% ECT Majority shareholding Delta MSC Terminal Delta Terminal Waal- and Eemhaven Euromax phase 1 Minority Shareholding (4) 60% 30% NYK MSC CYKH Alliance New World Alliance DP World ZIM Line (1) PSA HNN 20% 42.5% ANTWERP MSC Home terminal North Sea Terminal Europe Terminal Deurganck Terminal Antwerp International Terminal (AIT) DP World Delwaidedock Antwerp Gateway (3) Shipping Line (Global) Terminal Operator Terminal Rotterdam World Gateway (Maasvlakte II) APM Terminal Rotterdam APM Terminals Maasvlakte II ROTTERDAM 10% Cosco Pacific CMA-CGM (2) 35% APM Terminals Shanghai International Port Group (SIPG) 20% 10% 65% 75% 25% OCHZ Zeebrugge International Port APM Terminal ZEEBRUGGE PORT Financial Holding
The Massification and Clustering of Transportation in Inland Systems Inland Load Center Network Formation and Logistics Port Port Port Direct truck IT IT On-dock / near dock rail Corridor Port-Centric Rail / Barge IT End haul Inland Terminal IT Intermodal Industrial Park IT Inland Port
International Inventory of Inland Ports and Port Centric Logistics Zones