Reducing Post-Harvest Losses in TURKEY 13 OCTOBER 2016 ANKARA

Reducing Post-Harvest Losses in TURKEY 13 OCTOBER 2016 ANKARA 1

Context 1. Introduction 2. Post Harvest Losses 3. Assessment of Food Loss and Waste for Turkey 4. Policies and Precuations to Reduce Post- Harvest Losses 2

Food Loss and Waste (FLW) is a challenge all countries have to face Pre or Post Harvest Losses have negative environmental impacts. Rough estimates suggest that the cost for producing food that is wasted amounts to US$750 billion each year. This amounts to 1.3 billion tonnes, enough to feed 2 billion people around the world. 3

Post-Harvest activities are an integral part of the food production system, and our aim is to promote best practices for post-harvest handling and management along the entire food supply chain. Post-Harvest losses vary greatly among commodities and production areas and seasons. As a product moves in the postharvest chain, losses may occur from a number of causes Poor temperature management, Lack of proper storage facilities, Food processing, packaging, Marketing options, Poor quality field containers or shipping packages Consumption. 4

AGRICULTURE IN TURKEY'S ECONOMY MACRO INDICATORS 2002 2014 Turkey Agriculture (%) Turkey Agriculture (%) Population (Million) 67,0 23,7 35,4 77,7 17,4 22,7 Employment (Million) 21,3 7,6 34,9 24,6 5,2 21,1 GDP (Billion $) 230,5 23,7 10,3 822 61 7,4 GDP per Capita ($) 3.492 1.064 28,6 10.807 3.475 32,2 Exports (Billion $) 36,0 4,0 11,2 157.6 18,8 11.9 Imports (Billion $) 51,5 3,9 7,7 242,2 18.1 7,5 Source: TURKSTAT Agriculture is improving, Turkey is developing. Turkish agriculture sector has grown yearly 2,7 % between 2002-2014 While the agriculture GDP was 23,7 billion $ in 2002, It has reached to 61 billion $ in 2014 5

IN EXPORT 6th-10th 6th-10th 2nd-5th 2nd-5th 1st TURKISH AGRICULTURAL ECONOMY IS A GLOBAL ACTOR The first Agricultural Economy in EU Turkey is sufficient country in terms of food IN PRODUCTION Nut, Apricot and Cherry Nut, Apricot, grapes, fig and quince 1 st Melon, Water Melon, Strawberry, Fig, Lentil, Olive, Apple, Tomatoes, Tea, Antep pistachio, Nut, Walnut, Aubergine, Sheep milk, sugar beet and honey Wheat flour, cherry, Yoghurt, Macaroni, Lentil, lemon, Mandarin, Chickpea (Nohut), Orange, Olive and Tomatoes Wheat, Barley, Grapes, peach, Mandarin, Lemon, Almond, Olive oil and sheep meat. Grape, Tobacco, Chess nut, Strawberry, Olive oil, Egg, Aubergine and Peach 1,707 agricultural / food products were exported in 190 countries in 2015.

DEVELOPMENTS IN CROP PRODUCTION PRODUCTS 2002 (TON) 2014 (TON) CHANGE (%) Total Grain (wheat, barley, ) 30.830.650 32.714.157 6.1 Wheat 19.500.000 19.000.000-2.6 Corn (grain) 2.100.000 5.950.000 183.3 Rice 360.000 830.000 130.6 Sunflower 850.000 1.637.900 92.7 Total Fruit 13.273.350 16.875.947 27.1 Citrus Fruits (Orange, Lemon, grapefruit) 2.493.000 3.783.263 51.8 Apricot 315.000 270.000-14.3 Cherry 210.000 445.556 112.2 Total Vegetable 25.823.567 28.569.781 10.6 Sources: TURKSTAT Corn, rice and sunflower production increased significantly in 2014. 7

Animal Products DEVELOPMENTS IN LIVESTOCK Number of Animal (Ruminants) 2002 2014 Production Sources: TURKSTAT 2002 2014 World Ranking EU Ranking Production 2002-2014 INCREASE RATE (%) Number of Cattle (Million head) 9,9 14,2 43,4 Persantage of Highly Productive Cattle (Culture) breeds (%) 19 43,5 129 Number of Sheep and Goat (Million head) 31,9 41,5 30 World Ranking EU Ranking İncrease Rate (%) Milk Production (Million Ton) 8,4 20 7 18,5 9 3 120 Red Meat Production (Million Ton)) 421 29 8 1.008 16 8 139 Poultry Meat Production (.000 Ton) 696 26 8 1.895 9 1 172 Egg Production (Billion) 11,6 13 4 17,1 11 1 47 Honey Production (.000 Ton) 74,6 4 1 102,5 2 1 37 Aquacultural Production (.000 Ton) 61 32 7 233* 22 2 282 here has been significant increases and improvements in Milk, Red Meat, Poultry Meat and Egg Production One of the main problem is : the food losses and waste that is important value (app. 10 %) 8

ASSESSMENT OF FOOD LOSS AND WASTE FOR TURKEY Postharvest loses Source: (FAO, 2013) Agricultural production Postharvest handling and storage Processing and packaging Distribution Consumption at household level Total Postharvest Cereals % 5.1 % 4 %2 %1 %5 % 12,0 Roots & Tubers % 7 % 6 %2 %3 %2 % 13,0 Oilseeds & Pulses % 15 % 5 %7 %1 %4 % 17,0 Fruits & % 20 % 8 %10 %10 %5 % 33,0 Vegetables Meat % 10 % 0.2 %5 %0,5 %1 % 6,7 Fish & Seafood % 10 % 0.02 %0.04 %0.01 %2 % 2,7 Milk % 10 % 1 %1.5 %6 %1.5 % 10,0 Eggs % 6 % 1 %2 %1 %0.01 % 4,1 Considered in the context of five stages; It has been observed that the postharvest losses are generally more than agricultural production loses Losses that occur in the postharvest loses stages are relatively higher than preharvest loses (agricultural production) Recent advances in transportation, processing and storage technologies and preference of 9 firms in the supply chain for new technologies are helping to reduce losses. However, reducing of loses need the proper application, control and governance at the all stages of agri-food supply chain 14.10.2016

Wheat food supply chain (FSC) and critical loss points (CLP) in Turkey.Agricultural 1 Production 1. CLP PRODUCER 2.Postharvest handling and storage 3. CLP TRADER/ INDUSTRIALIST TURKISH GRAIN BOARD IMPORT CEREALS STOCK EXCANGE HOME CONSUMPTIO N PROCESSING INDUSTRY EXPORT WHOLESALER RETAILER 5.Consumption 2. CLP CONSUMER Wheat is produced on small scale family farms, which tend to be very fragmented. These farms tend to allocate a portion of their wheat production for home consumption. Wheat enters the market via one of three channels; i.e. through a trader or processing industry, the Turkish Grain Board (TGB) or the Cereals Stock Exchange. Wheat processed as flour, pasta, cracked wheat, bread etc. reaches to consumers via wholesalers and retailers. 10 14.10.2016

Reasons of losses and waste While Sifting - sifting out broken grains, stones and sand While Washing - sifting out stones and sand Insufficient precipitation Using low productive seed Incorrect variety selection Sowing too deep or too shallow Diseases and pests Damage to plant during such operations as fertilizing, using pesticide unsuitable transportation conditions During Transportation - not covering trucks well During Loading and Dumping leaving crop behind in the field and truck During Storing- Wasting of crop in dumping place or in entry and exit, unfit storage conditions In Bakeries- producing bread in excess of demand In Restaurants - buying bread in excess of needs, to large slices Homes- buying bread in excess of what is actually needed 11 14.10.2016

Milk food supply chain (FSC) and critical loss points (CLP) in Turkey The milk and milk product agrofood chain is shown below. Milk reaches consumers in four ways, which are: 1) Producers' organizations (producers' unions, cooperatives etc.) 2) The processing industry 3) Local markets 4) Direct sales, street milk etc Agricultural production Postharvest handling and storage Processing and packaging Distribution Consumption at household level Total Postharvest Milk % 10 % 1 %1.5 %6 %1.5 % 10,0 In the collecting system, milk is carried to small collecting units (called village centres) by producers, and is then transported to the big collection centres or processing units by mediators such as collectors, buying firms or unions. The most losses of the milk and milk products are occured improper storage and conservation 12 14.10.2016

Meat food supply chain (FSC) and critical loss points (CLP) in Turkey Public meat plants (only slaughtering process) are used for 15-20 percent of the all slaughtering and private meat plants process 75-80 percent of all livestock. Agricultural production Postharvest handling and storage Processing and packaging Private Class 1 Meat Plants (10 percent of the total) have been established based on EU standards in terms of lay out but not in terms of the management of the production process (technically, hygiene and financially). These meat plants include more than 500 slaughtering, cold storage, meat cutting and meat processing Distribution Consumption at household level Total Postharvest Meat % 10 % 0.2 %5 %0,5 %1 % 6,7 The Annual Festival of Sacrifice is an important factor for total red meat production (25 %) in Turkey. The number of Class 1 Meat Plants will be increased by goverment policy in future The role of Meat and Milk Agency is now reponsible for regulating market. 13 14.10.2016

Tomato food supply chain (FSC) and critical loss points (CLP) in Turkey Wholesalers play an important role in the marketing of fresh vegetables and fruits. Processed amounts vary from year to year and have recently been as high as 2 million tonnes (15-20 percent of total production). Domestic sales are mostly performed by wholesalers and trader-wholesalers. The domestic trade in vegetables is characterised by a long marketing channel Agricultural production Postharvest handling and storage Processing and packaging Distribution Consumption at household level Total Postharvest Fruits & Vegetables % 20 % 8 %10 %10 %5 % 33,0 Big supermarkets have entered the marketing channel for fresh fruit and vegetables. They generally work together with brokers in wholesale markets and products are purchased directly without entering the market physically. Domestic sales are should be performed mostly by producer unions to act as marketing organizations for reducing of FLW 14 14.10.2016

TRADER Tomato food supply chain (FSC) and critical loss points (CLP) in Turkey Trader Wholesaler Wholesaler producer Oil Factory Export Olive oil producers are trying to reach the national market through traders or direct sales from farmers, presses and olive oil factories. Wholesalers and retailers act as intermediaries between olive oil factories and consumers. 15 Consumer 14.10.2016

PRIORITY ACTIONS AND POLICIES FOR REDUCING FOOD LOSSES AND WASTE (FLW) In order to reduce of food losses and waste; Strategic Plan has been prepared (2013-2017) by MoFAL (5 area and 38 strategic objectives) Agricultural production and supply security Food safety Plant health, animal health and welfare Agricultural infrastructure and rural development Institutional capacity Furthermore, food safety has become one of the target areas of agricultural policy In the last decade significant reforms were realised solve long-lasting problems in the agricultural sector. 16 14.10.2016

PRIORITY ACTIONS AND POLICIES FOR REDUCING FOOD LOSSES AND WASTE (FLW) In order to reduce of food losses and waste; 1. İnfrastrauctural problems İrrigation and on farm development projects Land Consoldation Projects ( 5 million ha) Land improvement Projects 2. Rural Development activities (14.000 plant, processing, packaging, cold storage) Natioanal Rural Development Program IPARD program 3. Supports for investments, new buildings, tech. and machinary and eqıuipment 4. Training farmers/truck drivers about loading and dumping operations. 5. Capacity buildings ( Turkish Grain Board Licenced Storage, Product Chambers, Meat and Milk Board) 6. Data Bases 17 14.10.2016

Assessment of Food Loss and Waste for Turkey Post-Harvest Losses in Cereals and Other Crop Products Products 2000/01 2014/15 Post-Harvest Post-Harvest Percentage (%) Percentage (%) Losses (Tonnes) Losses (Tonnes) Wheat (Total) 580 863 2,77 535 532 2,82 Barley 192 864 2,41 148 050 2,35 Maize 92 512 4,02 173 145 2,91 Rice 11 200 5,33 16 023 3,21 Potato 155 455 2,89 126 367 3,02 Sunflowers 22 650 2,83 44 266 2,70 Cotton (Seed) 67 117 5,18 63 868 4,59 Soybean 14 315 32,1 28 775 19,1 Dry beans 5 954 2,58 6 167 2,86 Chickpea 11 692 2,13 11 501 2,50 Source: TurkStat In the last decade, we can see that the significant reduction in post-harvest losses has been realized on a lot of products. Technological advances have played an important role in the development and marketing opportunities. 18

Assessment of Food Loss and Waste for Turkey Table 2. Post-Harvest Losses in Fruits Products 2000/01 2014/15 Post-Harvest Post-Harvest Percentage (%) Percentage (%) Losses (Tonnes) Losses (Tonnes) Pistachio 2 757 3,67 2 923 3,65 Pears 28 083 7,39 33 107 7,16 Almond 1 039 2,21 1 556 2,12 Walnut 12 057 10,39 4 856 2,68 Tea 20 023 2,64 32 354 2,55 Strawberry 8 709 6,69 26 772 7,11 Apple 175 433 7,30 143 977 5,80 Plum 12 526 6,42 16 186 6,09 Hazelnut 2 898 0,61 2 558 0,56 Fig 3 050 1,27 3 260 1,08 Apricot 5 329 0,92 4 055 1,45 Cherry 15 118 6,57 29 374 6,59 Lemon 23 993 5,21 21 772 3,00 Orange 73 811 6,89 116 115 6,52 Mandarin 31 650 5,65 35 234 3,36 Peach 31 800 7,39 44 170 7,25 Grape 204 230 5,67 222 527 5,32 Source: TurkStat, 2016 19

Assessment of Food Loss and Waste for Turkey Table 3. Post-Harvest Losses in Vegetables Products 2000/01 2014/15 Post-Harvest Post-Harvest Percentage (%) Percentage (%) Losses (Tonnes) Losses (Tonnes) Green Pea 5 201 10,8 10 243 9,7 Pepper 133 595 9,0 201 986 9,0 Tomato 817 608 9,2 1 031 776 8,7 Carrot 20 134 8,6 50 701 9,1 Cucumber 172 258 9,4 159 114 8,9 Dry Onion 98 903 4,5 82 052 4,6 Dry Garlic 16 010 19,8 18 477 20,3 Spinach 20 028 9,8 19 748 9,5 Cabbage 60 301 9,7 70 479 9,6 Eggplant 90 547 9,8 79 592 9,6 Source: TurkStat, 2016 In the last decade, we can see that the relatively reduction in post-harvest losses has been realized on a lot of products. Technological advances have played an important role in the development and marketing opportunities. 20

3. Measures and Policies to Reduce Post- Harvest Losses Ministry of Food, Agirculture and Livestock (MFAL) has been following measures and policies to minimize pre- and post-harvest losses and FLW throughout the food value chain. Table 4 summarizes methods, policies and practices adopted by public and private sector. Ways of Preventing Post-Harvest Losses in Turkey 21

3.1 Preventing Measures and Policies to Reduce Post-Harvest Losses Agricultural Subsidy Programs MFAL subsidies providers, especially small and family farmers to build; Cold storage units, storage equipments, ( Commercial packing facilities, sorting facilities, processing technology and distribution systems, Transportation equipment, Field Road Maintenance Services App. More than 3.000 kilometers field road are revised by Govermental Organisations and Municipilaties annually. 22

3.1 Preventing Measures and Policies to Reduce Post-Harvest Losses Capacity building activities and demonstration studies performed by extension staff The Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock has made extensive strategic plans to improve food industries, including capacity building for extension workers in cold chain development, as well as improved food safety, Training manuals and fieldwork are being performed by MFAL for cereals, pulses, roots, tubers, fruits, and vegetable crops with field practitioners, extension workers, academician and smallholder farmers. Intervention buying (mechanism) and grains stocked and storaged by Turkish Grain Board Turkish Grain Board (TMO), which is a subisdiary organization of the Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock, regulates the market of agricultural products within its product range; especially grains, and take measures in order to protect both the producer and the consumer. 23

3.1 Preventing Measures and Policies to Reduce Post-Harvest Losses TMO s main role is to intervene in the market, buying grains from farmers when market prices fall below a predetermined floor level based on production costs, Turkish Grain Board constructed warehouses in various types and tonnages considering ports and intensive production areas in every district of Turkey, TMO operates a range of grain storage facilities at sites throughout the country with total capacity of about 4 million tonnes and enable Turkish farmers and traders to hold their grain longer after the harvest Creating territorial, regional and global awareness 2015 G20 Agriculture Ministers Meeting in Istanbul and initiative to reduce Food Losses and Waste (FLW), The establishment of the Platform responds to the mandate of the G20 Meeting of Ministers of Agriculture held in Istanbul in May 2015, 24

3.2 Measures and Policies to Reduce Post- Harvest Losses G20 Action Plan on Food Security and Sustainable Food Systems in G20 Context, Collaboration between manufacturers and retailers to improve the industry s understanding of food waste in the supply chain, The Campaign of Preventing Bread Waste which is also a social responsibility project. 25

3.2 Technical Interventions to Reduce Post- Harvest Losses Using the Certified Seed and Seedlings In order to prevent the quality based losses of final product at host-harvest level and to increase the production and use of high quality and safe seed, the certified seed and seedling support scheme has been implemented since 2005. The supports have been directed to farmers that are registered to National Farmer Registry System and the payments are made by area based for the certified seed varieties those are limited in use. The use of poor quality seeds has been hindered by encouraging the use of certified seeds. 26

3.2 Technical Interventions to Reduce Post- Harvest Losses Upgrading storage facilities, food processing and packaging systems Adoption of new packaging materials and technologies, such as modified atmosphere packaging and oxygen scavengers, to extend the shelf life of foods, The upgraded and improved processing of milk and milk products, meat and meat products, fruits and vegetables and fishery products, Collaborative research into the potential for packaging systems to be improved to reduce food waste in specific food supply chains. In last decade app. 14.000 packing and storage plants have been supported with %50 grant system by MoFAL. 27

4. Success Science Projects on Post-Harvest Losses Ongoing Projects and Campaign Development of Prototype Drenching System for Small-Scale Managements Aiming to Reduce Post-Harvest Losses of Fungal and Physiological Origins in the Fruits and Vegetables, Determination of Effects of Maturity Periods and Storage Period on Physical Deterioration and Quality Parameters for Tomato Growing, The Campaign for Preventing Bread Waste contributed to the economy of Turkey as much as 2.8 billion TL (1.3 billion $) annually. This campaign continues until 2018. Daily bread consumption is 91 million/daily in Turkey. By this compaign 1.1 million waste of bread has been prevented. FAO PRESENTED THE CAMPAIGN AS A «GOOD PRACTİCE» FOR CONTRIBUTING TO THE GLOBAL FOOD WASTE STUDIES. In Turkey there are lots of good pratices about Food Waste which will be presented and shared next working group. Completed Projects Shelf Life Projects for Basic Products, Researching of Mass Storage Facilities for Seedless Grape, 28

Problems and lessons learnt Post-harvest losses often take place during transport, storage, processing and marketing. These losses typically take the form of pest invasion, rotting and loss in nutritional value. Common Reasons for Post-Harvest Losses Poor temperature management (too cold, too hot, no cold chain) a lack of awareness of farmers Road damage, poor infrastructure and highway outages Poor quality field containers or shipping packages Lack of proper storage facilities, food processing and packaging Lack of proper Delays in transport/distribution Lack of marketing options 29 Consumption (waste) 14.10.2016

One of the main factors behind the success of smallholders/family farmers and agricultural producer organisations of OIC member countries is solidarity

TURKISH REPUBLIC MINISTRY OF FOOD AGRICULTURE AND LIVESTOCK General Directorate of Agricultural Reform Dr. Metin TÜRKER Acting General Director of Agricultural Reform Dr. Melik AYTAÇ Contact Person of COMCEC Project General Directorate of Agricultural Reform

Historic Peninsula, Istanbul Thanks for listening Questions, comments and suggestions are welcome